宋代流外官的考任與出職
發(fā)布時間：2018-09-10 21:49
【摘要】：流外官是介于官和民之間的一個社會階層,他們的產(chǎn)生和發(fā)展經(jīng)歷了一個相當(dāng)長的階段,是中國官制的重要組成部分。流外官階層的產(chǎn)生有其深刻的歷史背景,是由先秦時期的府史發(fā)展而來的,最初與官沒有什么區(qū)別,秦漢時仍然能較容易地晉身官僚隊伍,但從南北朝開始,直到唐宋以后,流外官的地位急轉(zhuǎn)直下,漸漸脫離官員的行列,常與胥吏混稱。流外官和胥吏與官員都有很大的聯(lián)系,也有很大的區(qū)別,很多流外官來源于胥吏,流外官想要有所進(jìn)取,又需要出職入流,成為流內(nèi)官員,但三者之間的界定又并非涇渭分明,弄清三者的區(qū)別對于了解流外官的考任制度、出職制度很有幫助。宋代,流外官廣泛設(shè)置于中央和地方各州官府之中,負(fù)責(zé)掌管文書、律訟之類文職工作,且在各個部門之間的流外官員額設(shè)置是不同的。宋代還設(shè)置了流外官專門的銓選考課機(jī)構(gòu)——流外銓,流外官分為九品,每品皆有從品,只有考任通過,才能依年勞升遷,為將來的出職入流做準(zhǔn)備。高級政府機(jī)構(gòu)的流外官考任升遷比較快,低級流外官則難以升遷,流外官的選拔程序極其嚴(yán)格,資歷、學(xué)識、舉主都成了必不可少的條件。流外官的出職分為年滿出職、比換出職、恩賞出職、推舉出職等,只有銓選合格,積勞年滿,舉主引薦,甚至需要引對,方得注擬,對于出職的年限,不同部門、不同級別的吏人之間差異十分大,多至二三十年,少至七八年甚至三五年的情況都存在。流外入流并不意味著立即授官,還要勒留待闕,待闕的期限常常要等待很多年。即使是最終授予官職差遣,不同級別的流外官所授差遣也是差異萬千,級別高的如中書堂吏,可以授予朝請大夫之類官職,低級吏人則只能授予簿、尉以下小官�？偟膩碚f,流外官出職后所授差遣的級別是逐步下降的,這源自于封建社會士大夫階層對吏人內(nèi)心深處根深蒂固的鄙視心理。但畢竟為吏人提供了一條晉升之途,有其歷史意義。本文對流外官的考任和出職的詳細(xì)進(jìn)程進(jìn)行探討,希望能理出一條清晰地脈絡(luò)線索,對多種考任方式和多種出職制度追根溯源。本文還對流外官的影響和歷史意義進(jìn)行了討論,流外官來源于胥吏,又是流內(nèi)官的重要來源,其行為也必然對政府職能機(jī)構(gòu)的運(yùn)行產(chǎn)生很多影響,有積極影響,也有消極影響。流外官扎實(shí)的專業(yè)知識促進(jìn)者國家的正常運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn),其固有的腐化本質(zhì)也使不法行為愈演愈烈,而且,流外官人數(shù)的急劇上升使宋代本已嚴(yán)重的冗員問題更進(jìn)一步。最后,本文還要探討流外官考任與出職的古今意義,希望能借流外官出職的影響尋找到一些對于今天有益的借鑒,以求古為今用。
[Abstract]:Foreign officials are a social stratum between officials and people. Their emergence and development has experienced a long period and is an important part of Chinese official system. The emergence of foreign officials had its profound historical background, which was developed from the history of the preQin period. At first, it was no different from the officials. During the Qin and Han dynasties, it was still easy to get into the bureaucracy, but it began from the Southern and Northern dynasties until after the Tang and Song dynasties. The status of officials outside the flow, gradually divorced from the ranks of officials, often mixed with petty officials. Foreign officials and petty officials have great connections with officials, and there are also great differences. Many of them come from petty officials. If they want to be enterprising, they need to go out of duty and enter the stream to become officials in the flow. However, the definition of the three is not very clear. To make clear the differences between the three is helpful to understand the system of examination and appointment of foreign officials. In the Song Dynasty, foreign officials were widely set up in the central and local state government, responsible for clerical, legal and other civilian work, and the establishment of non-official posts among different departments is different. The Song Dynasty also set up a special organization for the Civil Service examination courses-Liu Waiquan, which is divided into nine products, each of which has its own products. Only by passing the examination, can it be promoted in accordance with the years of work, so as to prepare for the future flow of work out of service. The senior government officials are promoted quickly, while the junior officials are difficult to be promoted. The selection procedure is extremely strict, seniority, knowledge, and selection of the master have become essential conditions. The rank of exiting officials is that they are above or above their posts, more than those who have changed their posts, who are rewarded for their posts, and who are selected for the grade. Only if the civil service has passed the election, the accumulated labour has reached or reached the required level, if they have been recommended by the principal, or even need to be introduced correctly, they can only be noted and proposed. For the number of years of absence, different departments will, There are great differences between officials of different levels, as many as twenty or thirty years, as little as seven or eight or even three or five years of the situation. Outward flow does not mean that officials are immediately appointed, but that they are left behind, often for many years. Even if the official post was finally granted, the different grades of officials were different. High officials, such as the officials in the Central Scholarship Hall, could be granted to officials such as the official, but the lower officials could only be given the book, and the officers below the lieutenant. On the whole, the rank of the exiled officials was gradually decreased, which resulted from the deep-rooted contempt of the literati and bureaucrats in the feudal society. But after all, it provides a path of promotion for officials, has its historical significance. In this paper, the detailed process of examination and departure of convective officials is discussed in the hope that a clear thread can be worked out to trace back to the origin of various examination methods and system. This paper also discusses the influence and historical significance of the convective external officials, who come from petty officials and are important sources of internal officials, and their actions will inevitably have a lot of effects on the operation of government functional organizations, which have both positive and negative effects. The normal operation of the country which is promoted by the solid professional knowledge of foreign officials, its inherent nature of corruption also makes the illegal behavior intensified. Moreover, the sharp increase in the number of officials outside the flow made the problem of redundant staff which had already been serious in the Song Dynasty to go further. Finally, this paper also discusses the ancient and modern significance of the examination and assignment of foreign officials, hoping to find some useful reference for today by the influence of foreign officials, in order to make use of the past for the present.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：上海師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：D691.42
本文編號：2235710
[Abstract]:Foreign officials are a social stratum between officials and people. Their emergence and development has experienced a long period and is an important part of Chinese official system. The emergence of foreign officials had its profound historical background, which was developed from the history of the preQin period. At first, it was no different from the officials. During the Qin and Han dynasties, it was still easy to get into the bureaucracy, but it began from the Southern and Northern dynasties until after the Tang and Song dynasties. The status of officials outside the flow, gradually divorced from the ranks of officials, often mixed with petty officials. Foreign officials and petty officials have great connections with officials, and there are also great differences. Many of them come from petty officials. If they want to be enterprising, they need to go out of duty and enter the stream to become officials in the flow. However, the definition of the three is not very clear. To make clear the differences between the three is helpful to understand the system of examination and appointment of foreign officials. In the Song Dynasty, foreign officials were widely set up in the central and local state government, responsible for clerical, legal and other civilian work, and the establishment of non-official posts among different departments is different. The Song Dynasty also set up a special organization for the Civil Service examination courses-Liu Waiquan, which is divided into nine products, each of which has its own products. Only by passing the examination, can it be promoted in accordance with the years of work, so as to prepare for the future flow of work out of service. The senior government officials are promoted quickly, while the junior officials are difficult to be promoted. The selection procedure is extremely strict, seniority, knowledge, and selection of the master have become essential conditions. The rank of exiting officials is that they are above or above their posts, more than those who have changed their posts, who are rewarded for their posts, and who are selected for the grade. Only if the civil service has passed the election, the accumulated labour has reached or reached the required level, if they have been recommended by the principal, or even need to be introduced correctly, they can only be noted and proposed. For the number of years of absence, different departments will, There are great differences between officials of different levels, as many as twenty or thirty years, as little as seven or eight or even three or five years of the situation. Outward flow does not mean that officials are immediately appointed, but that they are left behind, often for many years. Even if the official post was finally granted, the different grades of officials were different. High officials, such as the officials in the Central Scholarship Hall, could be granted to officials such as the official, but the lower officials could only be given the book, and the officers below the lieutenant. On the whole, the rank of the exiled officials was gradually decreased, which resulted from the deep-rooted contempt of the literati and bureaucrats in the feudal society. But after all, it provides a path of promotion for officials, has its historical significance. In this paper, the detailed process of examination and departure of convective officials is discussed in the hope that a clear thread can be worked out to trace back to the origin of various examination methods and system. This paper also discusses the influence and historical significance of the convective external officials, who come from petty officials and are important sources of internal officials, and their actions will inevitably have a lot of effects on the operation of government functional organizations, which have both positive and negative effects. The normal operation of the country which is promoted by the solid professional knowledge of foreign officials, its inherent nature of corruption also makes the illegal behavior intensified. Moreover, the sharp increase in the number of officials outside the flow made the problem of redundant staff which had already been serious in the Song Dynasty to go further. Finally, this paper also discusses the ancient and modern significance of the examination and assignment of foreign officials, hoping to find some useful reference for today by the influence of foreign officials, in order to make use of the past for the present.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：上海師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：D691.42
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