論21世紀政治秩序下反恐戰(zhàn)爭的特殊性
發(fā)布時間：2018-07-17 05:51
【摘要】：本文首先通過比較王公制政治秩序、王制政治秩序、領土型政治秩序和民族國家政治秩序下的恐怖組織:王公制國家和狂熱的宗教雇傭兵共存;王制國家和海盜共同步入殖民的黃金時代;領土制國家同國際無政府主義者斗爭;民族國家試圖鎮(zhèn)壓民族解放運動。通過研究每個不同的政治秩序與其恐怖組織的特征,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)不同的政治秩序有不同的時代特征。這些特征也反映到了這個時代的恐怖主義身上。也就是說,恐怖主義是不同政治秩序下的產(chǎn)物,不同時代的恐怖主義也反映了這個時代政治秩序的特征。本文接著討論從21世紀初期開始,隨著經(jīng)濟和政治秩序的改變,21世紀的恐怖主義和反恐戰(zhàn)爭也具備了 21世紀政治秩序的特點。獨立的企業(yè)制度為社會經(jīng)濟創(chuàng)造了原動力,外包型經(jīng)濟模式滲透到了全球化生產(chǎn)的每個環(huán)節(jié);全球經(jīng)濟原來了 "信息化"和"高科技"的浪潮。相應地,21世紀的恐怖主義也順應了 21世紀的政治秩序,借助大規(guī)模殺傷武器的市場化和信息網(wǎng)絡的全球化發(fā)展為"虛擬國家",它們更具有威脅性和殺傷性。本文以基地組織為例,之前在公制政治秩序、王制政治秩序、領土型政治秩序和民族國家型政治秩序下,土匪、強盜、封建或宗教之間的沖突,通常都稱為"斗爭",而不說"戰(zhàn)爭"。然而21世紀政治秩序下,基地組織等恐怖主義以"虛擬國家"的規(guī)模和形式,向西方主要國家開戰(zhàn)。另外,21世紀政治秩序的恐怖組織通常會向地區(qū)組織外包�？植乐髁x會通過外包的形式讓當?shù)亟M織為他們提供服務、基礎設施和規(guī)劃設計,執(zhí)行復雜性和專業(yè)性很高的融資活動、策劃安排、武器訓練。另外,從2001年開始恐怖組織活動的致死率明顯上升,同時傾向于同時發(fā)起多個暴力襲擊。和民族國家的恐怖組織主要是針對國家領導階層不一樣,21世紀的恐怖組織希望制造大規(guī)模的民眾死傷和經(jīng)濟損失來吸引社會的關注。這樣的襲擊能引起國際媒體的關注,更好地達到基地組織全球化目標。在融資方面,21世紀的恐怖主義和這個政治秩序一樣,也是國際化的,網(wǎng)絡化的,權利分散的,同樣依賴與外包和全球經(jīng)濟�？植澜M織不再僅僅是國際的代理機構而成為一些國家的同盟。之前恐怖主義一直受到國家的資助和支持,現(xiàn)在恐怖主義則依賴國際恐怖主義網(wǎng)供求網(wǎng)絡來滿足自己的需求。相對應地,反恐戰(zhàn)爭相較與傳統(tǒng)的戰(zhàn)爭也發(fā)生了巨大的變革。平民不受攻擊的原則消失。之前的傳統(tǒng)戰(zhàn)爭中,戰(zhàn)斗員通常要求佩戴從遠處能夠辨認的明顯標志,有指揮官的指揮。戰(zhàn)斗員和平民之間有明確的區(qū)分。在領土制國家的戰(zhàn)爭中,平民傷亡基本上是可以忽略的。然而在21世紀,恐怖組織希望制造大規(guī)模的民眾死傷和經(jīng)濟損失來吸引社會的關注。這樣的襲擊能引起國際媒體的關注,更好地達到基地組織全球化目標。因此,21世紀平民的死亡不再是"附帶傷害",而成為恐怖組織襲擊的主要目標,戰(zhàn)場也轉(zhuǎn)移到繁華的市中心。另外,反恐戰(zhàn)爭勝利的定義也有所改變。本文以伊拉克戰(zhàn)爭為例,分析伊拉克戰(zhàn)爭的初戰(zhàn)告捷,卻尷尬收場。究其原因,主要是因為聯(lián)軍沒有意識到21世紀戰(zhàn)爭和傳統(tǒng)的戰(zhàn)爭是不一樣的,也就沒有根據(jù)這些特殊性調(diào)整戰(zhàn)爭策略以及法律秩序。例如,伊拉克的戰(zhàn)爭特點是以威懾為主,而不是通過保護平民來贏得猶豫不決的的人心,維護戰(zhàn)后社會秩序,導致了反恐戰(zhàn)爭的失敗。本文最后也借助伊拉克戰(zhàn)爭的例子說明,為了可以更有效地打擊21世紀的恐怖組織,反恐國家應該根據(jù)自身和恐怖主義的特征做出反恐戰(zhàn)略調(diào)整。首先要以保護平民為首要任務,維護戰(zhàn)后社會穩(wěn)定重建經(jīng)濟。這個任務的轉(zhuǎn)變也就要求調(diào)整軍隊的結構,裝備以及訓練的內(nèi)容。同時民間機構,比如NGOs,邊界醫(yī)生、紅十字會等的合作。另外,還需要先發(fā)制人地預防恐怖活動的實施,利用經(jīng)濟和貿(mào)易的禁止或限制貿(mào)易、檢查制度、設建禁飛區(qū),以及其他非戰(zhàn)爭手段,通過這些不涉及暴力的手段有效預防恐怖活動。最后,將21世紀恐怖組織的活動和反恐活動看成是"戰(zhàn)爭"的話,需要"刑事/國際法"手段和"軍事"手段雙管齊下,才能更高效地打擊21世紀下的恐怖組織。
[Abstract]:This article first compares the political order of the public system, the political order of the king system, the territorial political order and the terrorist organization under the national political order: the coexistence of the king public state and the fanatical religious mercenaries; the king system and the pirates enter into the golden age of colonization; the territorial state and the international anarchist; the national state. Trying to suppress the national liberation movement. By studying the characteristics of every different political order and its terrorist organization, we find that different political orders have different characteristics of the times. These characteristics also reflect the terrorism of this age. That is to say, terrorism is the product of different political order, the horror of different times. It also reflects the characteristics of the political order in this era. From the beginning of the twenty-first Century, with the change of the economic and political order, the terrorism and the war against terrorism in twenty-first Century also have the characteristics of the political order of the twenty-first Century. The independent enterprise system created the motive force for the society and the economy, and the mode of the outsourcing economy permeated. Every link of globalized production; the global economy has turned into a wave of "information" and "high-tech". Accordingly, terrorism in the twenty-first Century also conforms to the political order of the twenty-first Century, with the help of the marketization of weapons of mass destruction and the globalization of information networks as "fictitious countries", which are more threatening and lethal. As an example, the conflict between the public political order, the political order of the king system, the territorial political order and the national and national political order, the bandits, the robbers, the feudalism or the religion, is usually called the "struggle", but not the "war". However, in the twenty-first Century political rank, the Al Qaeda and other terrorism were the size and shape of the "virtual country". In addition, terrorist organizations in the twenty-first Century political order are usually outsourced to regional organizations. Terrorism will be outsourced to local organizations to provide services, infrastructure and planning, implementation of complex and professional financial activities, planning arrangements, and weapon training. In addition, from 2001. The death rate of the terrorist organization began to rise significantly, and it tended to launch multiple violent attacks at the same time. The terrorist organizations in the national state were mainly different from the national leadership, and the terrorist organizations in twenty-first Century wanted to attract social attention by making massive mass casualties and economic losses. Such attacks could cause international concern. Media concerns better achieve the global goal of Al Qaida. In financing, terrorism in the twenty-first Century, like this political order, is international, networked, and decentralized, and also dependent on outsourcing and the global economy. Terrorist organizations are no longer a mere agency of the country and become allies of some countries. Terrorism has been supported and supported by the state, and terrorism is now dependent on the supply and demand network of the international network of terrorism to meet its needs. There is a clear distinction between the distance and the commanding officer. There is a clear distinction between the fighters and the civilians. In the war in the territorial state, civilian casualties are basically negligible. In twenty-first Century, the terrorist organization hoped to create mass casualties and economic losses to attract social attention. Such a attack could be cited. With the attention of the international media, the global goal of Al Qaida is better. Therefore, the death of civilians in twenty-first Century is no longer a "collateral damage", and it has become the main target of terrorist attacks, and the battlefield is also transferred to the busy city center. In addition, the definition of victory in the war against terrorism has changed. This article takes the Iraq war as an example to analyze Iraq The first battle of the war ended in an awkward position. The main reason was that the coalition did not realize that the war of the twenty-first Century and the traditional war were different, and that the war strategy and the legal order were not adjusted according to these particularity. For example, the characteristics of the war in Iraq were dominated by deterrence rather than by the protection of civilians. In the end, the country should make the strategic adjustment of counter-terrorism according to the characteristics of its own and terrorism. First of all, we should take the protection of civilians as the primary task. The transformation of the post war social stability and reconstruction of the economy requires the restructuring of the army's structure, equipment and training, as well as the cooperation of civil institutions such as the NGOs, the border doctors and the Red Cross. In addition, it is necessary to prevent the implementation of terrorist activities and use economic and trade prohibitions or restrictions on trade. In the end, the activities and anti terrorist activities of the terrorist organization in twenty-first Century are regarded as "war", and the "criminal / international law" and "Military" means will be needed to combat the terror of twenty-first Century more efficiently. Organization.
【學位授予單位】：北京外國語大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：D815.5
本文編號：2129292
[Abstract]:This article first compares the political order of the public system, the political order of the king system, the territorial political order and the terrorist organization under the national political order: the coexistence of the king public state and the fanatical religious mercenaries; the king system and the pirates enter into the golden age of colonization; the territorial state and the international anarchist; the national state. Trying to suppress the national liberation movement. By studying the characteristics of every different political order and its terrorist organization, we find that different political orders have different characteristics of the times. These characteristics also reflect the terrorism of this age. That is to say, terrorism is the product of different political order, the horror of different times. It also reflects the characteristics of the political order in this era. From the beginning of the twenty-first Century, with the change of the economic and political order, the terrorism and the war against terrorism in twenty-first Century also have the characteristics of the political order of the twenty-first Century. The independent enterprise system created the motive force for the society and the economy, and the mode of the outsourcing economy permeated. Every link of globalized production; the global economy has turned into a wave of "information" and "high-tech". Accordingly, terrorism in the twenty-first Century also conforms to the political order of the twenty-first Century, with the help of the marketization of weapons of mass destruction and the globalization of information networks as "fictitious countries", which are more threatening and lethal. As an example, the conflict between the public political order, the political order of the king system, the territorial political order and the national and national political order, the bandits, the robbers, the feudalism or the religion, is usually called the "struggle", but not the "war". However, in the twenty-first Century political rank, the Al Qaeda and other terrorism were the size and shape of the "virtual country". In addition, terrorist organizations in the twenty-first Century political order are usually outsourced to regional organizations. Terrorism will be outsourced to local organizations to provide services, infrastructure and planning, implementation of complex and professional financial activities, planning arrangements, and weapon training. In addition, from 2001. The death rate of the terrorist organization began to rise significantly, and it tended to launch multiple violent attacks at the same time. The terrorist organizations in the national state were mainly different from the national leadership, and the terrorist organizations in twenty-first Century wanted to attract social attention by making massive mass casualties and economic losses. Such attacks could cause international concern. Media concerns better achieve the global goal of Al Qaida. In financing, terrorism in the twenty-first Century, like this political order, is international, networked, and decentralized, and also dependent on outsourcing and the global economy. Terrorist organizations are no longer a mere agency of the country and become allies of some countries. Terrorism has been supported and supported by the state, and terrorism is now dependent on the supply and demand network of the international network of terrorism to meet its needs. There is a clear distinction between the distance and the commanding officer. There is a clear distinction between the fighters and the civilians. In the war in the territorial state, civilian casualties are basically negligible. In twenty-first Century, the terrorist organization hoped to create mass casualties and economic losses to attract social attention. Such a attack could be cited. With the attention of the international media, the global goal of Al Qaida is better. Therefore, the death of civilians in twenty-first Century is no longer a "collateral damage", and it has become the main target of terrorist attacks, and the battlefield is also transferred to the busy city center. In addition, the definition of victory in the war against terrorism has changed. This article takes the Iraq war as an example to analyze Iraq The first battle of the war ended in an awkward position. The main reason was that the coalition did not realize that the war of the twenty-first Century and the traditional war were different, and that the war strategy and the legal order were not adjusted according to these particularity. For example, the characteristics of the war in Iraq were dominated by deterrence rather than by the protection of civilians. In the end, the country should make the strategic adjustment of counter-terrorism according to the characteristics of its own and terrorism. First of all, we should take the protection of civilians as the primary task. The transformation of the post war social stability and reconstruction of the economy requires the restructuring of the army's structure, equipment and training, as well as the cooperation of civil institutions such as the NGOs, the border doctors and the Red Cross. In addition, it is necessary to prevent the implementation of terrorist activities and use economic and trade prohibitions or restrictions on trade. In the end, the activities and anti terrorist activities of the terrorist organization in twenty-first Century are regarded as "war", and the "criminal / international law" and "Military" means will be needed to combat the terror of twenty-first Century more efficiently. Organization.
【學位授予單位】：北京外國語大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：D815.5
【相似文獻】
相關期刊論文 前10條
1 湯本;旁觀美國反恐戰(zhàn)爭[J];南風窗;2003年03期
2 暢征;對美國三年反恐戰(zhàn)爭的評析[J];領導科學;2004年18期
3 王存剛;當前反恐戰(zhàn)爭的困境及其原因分析[J];東南亞研究;2005年04期
4 馬相武;;美國打贏反恐戰(zhàn)爭了嗎?[J];國際資料信息;2007年11期
5 王偉光;;《中國反恐戰(zhàn)爭》評介[J];國外社會科學;2010年01期
6 王豐豐;;反恐戰(zhàn)爭何以越反越恐[J];黨政論壇(干部文摘);2010年10期
7 林利民,袁鵬,楊明杰,刀書林,方金英,馮仲平,陳鳳英;反恐戰(zhàn)爭及其戰(zhàn)略后果分析[J];現(xiàn)代國際關系;2001年11期
8 榮鷹;反恐戰(zhàn)爭與地區(qū)形勢[J];國際問題研究;2002年04期
9 任國軍;;孫子兵法與反恐戰(zhàn)爭[J];現(xiàn)代兵器;2003年06期
10 韓秀琪;美國反恐戰(zhàn)爭不對稱性及其后果[J];中共中央黨校學報;2004年01期
相關會議論文 前1條
1 范鴻達;;反恐戰(zhàn)爭視野下的東南亞伊斯蘭[A];廈門大學南洋研究院50周年慶暨“當代東南亞政治與外交”學術研討會大會手冊[C];2006年
相關重要報紙文章 前10條
1 于海洋;美國反恐戰(zhàn)爭的三大戰(zhàn)略錯誤[N];國防時報;2010年
2 記者 李學梅;反恐戰(zhàn)爭淪為美國“雞肋”[N];新華每日電訊;2013年
3 本報駐聯(lián)合國記者 袁博;二號嫌疑人：“不滿”美國發(fā)動反恐戰(zhàn)爭[N];文匯報;2013年
4 記者 王玉鳳;26國明確支持美空襲“伊斯蘭國” 新一輪反恐戰(zhàn)爭開啟[N];第一財經(jīng)日報;2014年
5 劉淄川;美國為何不再提“反恐戰(zhàn)爭”？[N];經(jīng)濟觀察報;2014年
6 嚴圣禾;日本撤回在印度洋支援反恐戰(zhàn)爭的軍艦[N];光明日報;2007年
7 ;奧巴馬政府停用“反恐戰(zhàn)爭”表述[N];新華每日電訊;2009年
8 鐘聲;反恐戰(zhàn)爭同樣需要“講規(guī)矩”[N];人民日報;2011年
9 中國社科院亞太所學者 葉海林;無話可說的反恐戰(zhàn)爭[N];東方早報;2012年
10 孫維國;打贏反恐戰(zhàn)爭需要全民參與[N];人民公安報;2014年
相關博士學位論文 前2條
1 瑪斯拉（Maseray Ngadie Rogers）;美國在阿富汗反恐戰(zhàn)爭的政治影響（1998-2008）[D];吉林大學;2011年
2 金豪洙;美國精英評論與反恐戰(zhàn)爭：構架方法[D];復旦大學;2008年
相關碩士學位論文 前10條
1 郭相岑;論21世紀政治秩序下反恐戰(zhàn)爭的特殊性[D];北京外國語大學;2017年
2 于浩;美國“反恐戰(zhàn)爭”的宗教因素解析[D];山東師范大學;2012年
3 楊茗;喬治·W·布什政府反恐戰(zhàn)爭中的“自由”[D];四川外語學院;2012年
4 趙世人;從美國的“反恐戰(zhàn)爭”看反恐國際法建設問題[D];外交學院;2005年
5 麥克（Michael Tegegne Alemneh）;全球反恐戰(zhàn)爭戰(zhàn)略：2000年以來非洲之角的案例分析[D];吉林大學;2010年
6 陳來平;美國反恐戰(zhàn)爭背后的能源考量探析[D];外交學院;2012年
7 吳長宇;論美國在阿富汗的反恐戰(zhàn)爭[D];新疆大學;2011年
8 李強;美國在反恐戰(zhàn)爭中的軍政沖突及其協(xié)調(diào)[D];國防科學技術大學;2010年
9 雷云;阿富汗反恐戰(zhàn)爭與巴基斯坦安全政策變化的研究——動因、影響與評估[D];復旦大學;2010年
10 魏藝;美國反恐戰(zhàn)爭背后的文化沖突解讀[D];西南石油大學;2012年
，本文編號：2129292
本文鏈接：http://sikaile.net/shekelunwen/guojiguanxi/2129292.html
最近更新
教材專著
