本文選題：美國內(nèi)戰(zhàn) + 分裂��； 參考：《華東政法大學(xué)》2015年碩士論文

【摘要】：內(nèi)戰(zhàn)是美國歷史上最重要的歷史事件之一,是因長期無法調(diào)和的地域差異以及無法解決的諸多問題引發(fā)的。早在18世紀(jì)末19世紀(jì)初,美國北方因移民的大量涌入,掀起了改革的思潮,經(jīng)濟(jì)和技術(shù)得到了快速的發(fā)展,形成了自由勞動(dòng)力的理念;而舊南方對改革幾乎是抗拒的,他們以奴隸為主要?jiǎng)趧?dòng)力、農(nóng)業(yè)為主要產(chǎn)業(yè)、古老而穩(wěn)定的社會制度繼續(xù)延續(xù)著。隨著19世紀(jì)美國領(lǐng)土向西擴(kuò)張,雙方都想將自己的制度適用到新領(lǐng)土上,由此爆發(fā)了沖突。雙方的沖突發(fā)端于經(jīng)濟(jì)的不平衡,南方認(rèn)為國會通過的立法不公平,保護(hù)北方的工商業(yè),掠奪了屬于他們的利益,南方各州認(rèn)為自己有不執(zhí)行不公正法案的權(quán)利。對聯(lián)邦法律的愈發(fā)不滿,在聯(lián)邦內(nèi)愈發(fā)感到不安全,使得南方開始宣揚(yáng)他們要脫離聯(lián)邦。從矛盾開始到最后付諸一戰(zhàn),雙方展開了漫長而廣泛的辯論,涉及經(jīng)濟(jì)、政治、憲法、奴隸制等多個(gè)議題,為了維護(hù)各自的社會體系、為了力證各種訴求的正當(dāng)性,雙方從歷史、法律、自然等多方面尋求支撐,卻無法達(dá)成雙方都能接受的解決方案。雙方的爭論主要包含三個(gè)方面的問題:分裂與統(tǒng)一;奴隸制的存廢;自由、平等的觀念。首先,南方開始宣揚(yáng)退出聯(lián)邦后,雙方在分裂與統(tǒng)一的問題上展開了辯論。這是雙方?jīng)_突的焦點(diǎn)之一,南方認(rèn)為根據(jù)憲法是一紙契約的性質(zhì),各州作為簽約各方仍然保留著自己的主權(quán),可以自由退出簽訂的契約;即便作為憲法下的存在,憲法也賦予了南方各州各種權(quán)利,其中包括了受到多數(shù)人的不公平對待時(shí),少數(shù)人可以反對的權(quán)利;再者,通過契約神圣原則,北方各州公然通過立法或者司法違反了憲法規(guī)定的逃奴條款,這已經(jīng)是故意打破契約行為,那么自然蓄奴州也已經(jīng)從契約的約束中被解脫了出來。南方用一個(gè)完整的邏輯表達(dá)了自己的觀點(diǎn),從麥迪遜的“干預(yù)權(quán)”(各州有權(quán)利干預(yù)聯(lián)邦的違憲法案),引申出“無效權(quán)”(各州有權(quán)宣布違憲法案在州內(nèi)無效),最后在南卡萊羅納的分離大會上將這個(gè)權(quán)利發(fā)揮到了極致——“分離權(quán)”;北方認(rèn)為國家先于也高于各州的存在,各州加入聯(lián)邦后就不再完全獨(dú)立,而成為了聯(lián)邦的一個(gè)有機(jī)器官,共同為了美國憲法的光榮和未來努力。聯(lián)邦應(yīng)該得以永存,憲法雖然沒有明文規(guī)定,但一定隱含著這樣的意思。國家主義的理念勝過其他所有的因素,成為林肯做決策時(shí)的考量,在他的就職演說上,表示對奴隸制可以妥協(xié),會尊重憲法不干預(yù)既存的奴隸制,然而在分裂的問題上卻展現(xiàn)了絕不退讓的決心,他將保存聯(lián)邦視為第一要?jiǎng)?wù)。這種國家主義的情感在林肯數(shù)次高超的演講中得到了渲染,尤其是在戰(zhàn)爭期間,隨著行政職權(quán)的擴(kuò)張進(jìn)一步蔓延,戰(zhàn)后并沒有將國家的不可分離或者永續(xù)存在寫入憲法,但是憲法的隱藏含義已經(jīng)充分顯現(xiàn)和重申,關(guān)于分裂的爭論自此已被終止;雖然當(dāng)前的研究不再認(rèn)為奴隸制是雙方開戰(zhàn)的主導(dǎo)原因,卻仍是美國內(nèi)戰(zhàn)無法繞過的話題,雙方在此也投入了諸多口舌和熱情。南方從自然、歷史、法律等多角度去論證了奴隸制的應(yīng)然和必然性,并且否認(rèn)了奴隸的糟糕處境,認(rèn)為南方大部分奴隸的生活狀況已經(jīng)是黑人最好的歸宿。當(dāng)然,最重要的是,1787年憲法制定時(shí)已經(jīng)確立了奴隸制的存在,并且排除了聯(lián)邦的干涉權(quán);而處于改革浪潮中的北方,形成了各種反奴團(tuán)體,指責(zé)奴隸制的邪惡,呼吁永久地廢除。加上當(dāng)時(shí)蓬勃發(fā)展的自由勞動(dòng)力的觀念,使得北方對這個(gè)強(qiáng)迫勞動(dòng)的體系無法容忍的人越來越多,最后上升到了政治層面,各大政黨開始回應(yīng)奴隸制的問題,從主張限制奴隸制的擴(kuò)張到完全廢除奴隸制。憲法原本是廢除奴隸制的障礙,在憲法下的奴隸制是得到保護(hù)的,但是因?yàn)閼?zhàn)爭的爆發(fā),離開聯(lián)邦的州就不能再尋求憲法的保障。圍繞著奴隸制的憲法問題發(fā)生了改變,在邦聯(lián)內(nèi)的奴隸已經(jīng)不同于戰(zhàn)前,他們變成了被敵方利用的財(cái)產(chǎn)。在憲法上看來,林肯發(fā)布的《解放黑人奴隸宣言》,是削弱敵方戰(zhàn)斗力的有效手段,對于黑人的自由或者平等地位還遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不夠,之后林肯便開始著手制定憲法修正案,1865年1月31號,美國第十三條修正案才得以勉強(qiáng)通過。這條修正案廢除了奴隸制、突破了憲法對財(cái)產(chǎn)的規(guī)定:沒有對奴隸主予以補(bǔ)償就解放了奴隸、突破了國會的權(quán)力、也違背了林肯的誓言:他保證內(nèi)戰(zhàn)不會觸動(dòng)那些忠誠于聯(lián)邦的奴隸主利益,這對基本法來說是一個(gè)重大的改變。雙方爭論的根基在于美國的平等、自由理念。雙方都認(rèn)為自己繼承了建國者們的革命遺產(chǎn),并且踐行著他們的使命。南方州將自己的行為等同于華盛頓反抗喬治三世,宣稱同樣的自由和獨(dú)立的精神,使得先父們脫離了英格蘭的統(tǒng)治,也會讓南方熱愛自由的人從聯(lián)邦脫離。林肯在葛底斯堡的演講,則開創(chuàng)了“自由的新生”,給這個(gè)國家的自由帶進(jìn)了開闊而開放的概念,廢奴主義者開始狂熱地相信,奴隸制與自由是相悖的,必須毫不妥協(xié)地廢除奴隸制。南方奉行“白人至上”原則,所謂平等只存在于白人之間。挑戰(zhàn)了《獨(dú)立宣言》,認(rèn)為人生來就是不平等的,也沒有人生來就是自由的;北方開始逐步取消了與黑人的隔離,要讓所有人都看到,黑人跟白人沒有區(qū)別,應(yīng)該得到平等的地位,實(shí)現(xiàn)這個(gè)國家建國時(shí)的承諾。北方將自己保存聯(lián)邦的動(dòng)機(jī)視為崇高的,奴隸制的存在,是先父們的革命尚未結(jié)束,他們要繼續(xù)戰(zhàn)斗,直到《獨(dú)立宣言》的精神真正實(shí)現(xiàn),讓美國成為全世界自由的燈塔。在爭論之中被引用的論據(jù)很多,其中憲法作為聯(lián)邦的基本法、最高法,最被雙方重視。雙方尊重憲法并且試圖從中找到有利于自身的支持,但是囿于憲法制定時(shí)特定的歷史環(huán)境以及文本的限制,對于憲法的引用或者解釋都難以獲得對方的認(rèn)同。美國憲法縱然神圣,參與辯論的人們也不得不承認(rèn)憲法并不完善,這一場未能通過語言解決的沖突經(jīng)歷了漫長而慘烈的戰(zhàn)爭,最終塵埃落定,也將憲法中隱藏的意涵揭示地更為清晰,并且通過修正案的方式,廢除了奴隸制,使得這部偉大的憲法終于不再為落后殘忍的奴隸制背書。從雙方激烈的言辭中可以看出他們對自身社會的信賴和維護(hù)、對榮譽(yù)丟失的恐懼、感受到了來自對方的威脅,雙方?jīng)]能通過語言和辯論達(dá)成妥協(xié),避免自身制度或理念的傾覆,而是通過暴力,通過犧牲60多萬的生命,帶領(lǐng)這個(gè)年輕的國家,打破了政治僵局、解決了憲法危機(jī)、走出了道德困境。
[Abstract]:Civil war was one of the most important historical events in the history of the United States. It was caused by the long incompatible regional differences and many problems that could not be solved. As early as the late eighteenth Century and early nineteenth Century, the influx of immigrants in the north of the United States brought about the trend of reform, and the economy and technology developed rapidly and formed the free labor theory. While the old South was almost resisted to reform, they took slaves as the main labour force, agriculture as the main industry, and the old and stable social system continued. As the U.S. territory expanded westward in nineteenth Century, both sides wanted to apply their own system to New Territories, and the conflict broke out. The conflict between the two sides came from the economic injustice. The South believed that the legislation passed by the Congress was unfair, protected the industry and Commerce of the north, and plundered their interests. The Southern States thought they had the right to not carry out the injustice act. The growing dissatisfaction of the federal law and the insecurity in the Federation made the South begin to proclaim them from the union. From the beginning of the conflict to the end. In the first World War, the two sides launched a long and extensive debate, involving economic, political, constitutional and slavery issues. In order to safeguard their respective social systems, the two sides sought support from various aspects of history, law and nature in order to prove the legitimacy of various appeals, but could not reach a solution acceptable to both sides. It should include three aspects: Division and unity; slavery and abolition; freedom and equality. First, after the South began to withdraw from the union, the two sides debated on the issue of division and unity. This is one of the focal points of the conflict. The South believes that the state is still guaranteed by the contracting parties according to the nature of the constitution. Even as a constitution, the Constitution also endows the southern states with various rights, including the right to be opposed by the majority of the people, and the northern states have violated the constitution through legislation or judicature by the sacred original of the contract. The provisions of the provisions of the escape slave clause, which have been deliberately broken, have been removed from the constraints of the contract. The South uses a complete logic to express his views, from Madison's "right to intervene" (the states have the right to intervene in the federal act of violation of the Constitution) and to extend the "right of null" (the states have the right to do so. " It was declared that the act of unconstitutional law was invalid in the state), and at the end of the separation conference in South Carolina, the right was brought to the extreme - "the right of separation"; the North believed that the state was preceded by the existence of the States, and that the states were no longer completely independent after the states joined the Federation, and became an organic organ of the Union for the glory of the constitution of the United States. And the future efforts. The union should be able to live forever. Although the constitution is not clearly stipulated, it must imply the meaning. The concept of nationalism is better than all the other factors, and it becomes a consideration when Lincoln makes decisions. In his inaugural speech, it shows that slavery can be compromised and the constitution does not interfere with the existing slavery, however, however, On the issue of separatist the unyielding determination, he regarded the preservation of the Federation as the first priority. This nationalist sentiment was rendered in a number of great speeches in Lincoln, especially during the war, with the expansion of the administrative powers, and the post-war no unseparability or perpetual existence of the country into the constitution. Law, but the hidden meaning of the constitution has been fully revealed and reaffirmed, and the controversy over the split has been terminated since the current study no longer considers slavery as the leading cause of the war between the two sides, but it is still a topic that the American civil war can not bypass, and the two sides have also invested a lot of words and enthusiasm. The south is from the nature, history, and law. To demonstrate the necessity and necessity of slavery, and to deny the terrible situation of the slaves, that the living conditions of most of the slaves in the South have been the best home for the black. Of course, the constitutional rule of law in 1787 has established the existence of slavery, and in addition to the right of federal interference; and in the north of the tide of reform. In addition, a variety of anti slavery groups were formed, accusing the evil of slavery and calling for permanent abolition. Coupled with the idea of the flourishing free labor force at that time, more and more people in the north were intolerant of the system of forced labor, and finally to the political level, the major political parties began to respond to the problem of slavery, and to restrict slaves. The system was expanded to completely abolish slavery. The constitution was originally a barrier to slavery, and slavery under the constitution was protected. But because of the outbreak of the war, the federal state could not seek the guarantee of the constitution. The constitutional issue surrounding slavery changed, and the slaves within the Confederacy had been different from before the war. They It became a property used by the enemy. In the constitution, Lincoln's declaration of emancipation of the black slaves was an effective means to weaken the fighting power of the enemy. It was far from enough for the free or equal status of the black people. After that, Lincoln began to set up a constitutional amendment. In January 31, 1865, the Thirteenth Amendment of the United States was barely allowed. This amendment abolished slavery and broke through the Constitution's regulations on property: Liberating slaves without compensation for the slave owners, breaking the power of Congress and violating Lincoln's oath: he guaranteed that the civil war would not touch the interests of the slave owners who were loyal to the Federation. It was a major change to the basic law. The two sides contended. The foundation of the theory is the equality of the United States, the idea of freedom. Both sides believe that they inherit the revolutionary heritage of the founders and carry out their mission. The South states that their actions are equal to Washington's resistance to George III, and that the same spirit of freedom and independence makes the fathers out of the rule of England and the south. Free people were divorced from the Federation. Lincoln's speech at Gettysburg created a "free new life" and brought open and open concepts to the freedom of the country. The abolitionists began to believe that slavery was contrary to freedom and that slavery must be abolished uncompromising. The South pursued the principle of "white supremacy". Equality exists only among white men. The declaration of independence has challenged the declaration of independence, that life is unequal, and that there is no freedom of life; the North has gradually abolished the segregation of blacks from the black. The existence of one's own preservation of the Federation is regarded as sublime. The existence of slavery is not the end of the revolution of the fathers. They will continue to fight until the spirit of the declaration of independence is truly realized, and the United States is the Lighthouse of freedom in the world. There are many arguments cited in the debate, of which the constitution is the basic law of the Federation, the supreme law, the most double. The two sides respect the Constitution and try to find their own support from the constitution, but limited to the specific historical environment of the Constitution and the limitation of the text, the reference or interpretation of the constitution is difficult to identify with each other. A conflict that failed to be solved through language has gone through a long and tragic war, eventually the dust is settled, the implied meaning hidden in the constitution is clearer, and slavery is abolished through the amendment, which makes the great constitution no longer endorsed by the backward and forbearant slavery. To see the trust and maintenance of their own society, the fear of the loss of honor, the threat from the other, the two sides failed to reach a compromise through language and debate and avoid the overturn of their own systems or ideas, but through the violence, by sacrificing about 600000 of their lives, to break the political deadlock and to solve the problem. The constitutional crisis has gone out of the moral dilemma.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：華東政法大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：D771.2

【共引文獻(xiàn)】

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2 田紹慧;美國精英集團(tuán)對大眾媒介的影響[D];外交學(xué)院;2014年

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