發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-04-10 18:51

  本文選題：土耳其伊斯蘭運(yùn)動(dòng) + 政黨伊斯蘭運(yùn)動(dòng)��； 參考：《上海外國語大學(xué)》2017年博士論文

【摘要】：進(jìn)入20世紀(jì)之后,奧斯曼帝國在第一次世界大戰(zhàn)后崩潰,世俗主義的土耳其共和國隨即誕生,但土耳其國內(nèi)的伊斯蘭運(yùn)動(dòng)在世俗主義的土耳其共和國建立之后浴火重生,導(dǎo)致伊斯蘭主義與世俗主義之間的博弈成為了土耳其政治和社會發(fā)展長期以來的主要內(nèi)容。在土耳其伊斯蘭運(yùn)動(dòng)的發(fā)展過程中,部分伊斯蘭主義精英們將伊斯蘭定義為個(gè)人精神層面的信仰,強(qiáng)調(diào)宗教不干預(yù)國家政治,致力于在市民社會領(lǐng)域?yàn)橐了固m爭取生存空間,從而發(fā)起了土耳其的社會伊斯蘭運(yùn)動(dòng);另一部分伊斯蘭主義精英們,不僅加入其他政黨,而且還成立了伊斯蘭主義的政黨,發(fā)起了土耳其的政黨伊斯蘭運(yùn)動(dòng)。政黨伊斯蘭運(yùn)動(dòng)和社會伊斯蘭運(yùn)動(dòng),分別在土耳其的政黨政治領(lǐng)域和市民社會領(lǐng)域中同步進(jìn)行,但都屬于土耳其伊斯蘭運(yùn)動(dòng)的一部分,都在土耳其共和國強(qiáng)大的世俗主義壓力下,尋求自身的發(fā)展和壯大。然而,從2002年正義與發(fā)展黨上臺執(zhí)政,到2016年發(fā)生“7·15未遂政變”,土耳其政治發(fā)展中世俗主義的勢力逐漸式微,而伊斯蘭主義精英之間的競爭逐漸占據(jù)了土耳其政治和社會發(fā)展的主要位置。本文通過建立社會運(yùn)動(dòng)理論的分析框架,來研究土耳其建國以來伊斯蘭運(yùn)動(dòng)的產(chǎn)生、發(fā)展和不斷壯大的過程。但是,任何一種社會運(yùn)動(dòng)理論流派都難以對土耳其伊斯蘭運(yùn)動(dòng)做出全面客觀的解釋,而伊斯蘭教作為土耳其伊斯蘭運(yùn)動(dòng)中的核心要素,其通過土耳其伊斯蘭運(yùn)動(dòng)對土耳其共和國的政治發(fā)展和社會變遷所產(chǎn)生的影響不容小覷。因此,本文還進(jìn)一步將宗教政治學(xué)的分析方法貫穿于社會運(yùn)動(dòng)理論的框架中,并在此基礎(chǔ)上解釋土耳其伊斯蘭運(yùn)動(dòng)如何在一個(gè)世俗主義國家中發(fā)起;伊斯蘭政黨如何逐步執(zhí)掌了國家政權(quán);以葛蘭運(yùn)動(dòng)為代表的土耳其社會伊斯蘭運(yùn)動(dòng)如何形成所謂的“平行國家”;同為土耳其伊斯蘭運(yùn)動(dòng)的政黨伊斯蘭運(yùn)動(dòng)和社會伊斯蘭運(yùn)動(dòng)為何相互競爭,并把矛盾升級成軍事政變形式的沖突;伊斯蘭政黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的土耳其政黨伊斯蘭運(yùn)動(dòng)為何會在這場沖突中取勝,并成為土耳其伊斯蘭運(yùn)動(dòng)的主導(dǎo)力量。通過對社會運(yùn)動(dòng)理論各種流派的分析,本文認(rèn)為社會運(yùn)動(dòng)理論中最重要的三大要素,就是政治機(jī)會結(jié)構(gòu)、組織形態(tài)和策略制定。其中,政治機(jī)會結(jié)構(gòu)主要由社會運(yùn)動(dòng)所處的政治背景決定,包含了國際政治、國內(nèi)政治和社會運(yùn)動(dòng)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者三個(gè)層面上的政治機(jī)會;組織形態(tài)主要由社會運(yùn)動(dòng)本身的性質(zhì),以及社會運(yùn)動(dòng)發(fā)展的方式和空間決定,由社會運(yùn)動(dòng)各個(gè)組織機(jī)構(gòu)之間的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系所構(gòu)成,決定著社會運(yùn)動(dòng)的效率;策略制定是對社會運(yùn)動(dòng)的統(tǒng)籌和規(guī)劃,主要包含了觀念建構(gòu)、社會運(yùn)動(dòng)目標(biāo)和社會運(yùn)動(dòng)方式三方面的內(nèi)容,關(guān)乎社會運(yùn)動(dòng)進(jìn)展的順利和成敗。同時(shí),社會運(yùn)動(dòng)理論三大要素也是一個(gè)動(dòng)態(tài)過程,它們之間相互聯(lián)系,缺一不可。有利的政治機(jī)會結(jié)構(gòu)的出現(xiàn)可能給社會運(yùn)動(dòng)的發(fā)展帶來質(zhì)變,高效的組織形態(tài)推動(dòng)著社會運(yùn)動(dòng)在量變上的積累,策略制定則不斷根據(jù)實(shí)際情況對社會運(yùn)動(dòng)的發(fā)展做出調(diào)整,完善而靈活的策略制定不僅有利于提高組織形態(tài)的運(yùn)作效率,而且還有助于促進(jìn)有利的政治機(jī)會結(jié)構(gòu)的出現(xiàn),或者擴(kuò)大現(xiàn)有的政治機(jī)會結(jié)構(gòu),甚至為社會運(yùn)動(dòng)的發(fā)展創(chuàng)造新的且更為有利的政治機(jī)會結(jié)構(gòu)。分析表明,土耳其伊斯蘭運(yùn)動(dòng)的發(fā)展經(jīng)歷了三次重要的政治機(jī)會結(jié)構(gòu):第一次政治機(jī)會結(jié)構(gòu)的出現(xiàn),推動(dòng)了土耳其伊斯蘭政黨,民族秩序黨和救國黨的建立,并促使葛蘭運(yùn)動(dòng)從土耳其社會伊斯蘭運(yùn)動(dòng)中脫穎而出;第二次政治機(jī)會結(jié)構(gòu)的形成和擴(kuò)大,幫助土耳其伊斯蘭政黨福利黨成為群眾型政黨,并使葛蘭運(yùn)動(dòng)的發(fā)展初具規(guī)模;第三次政治機(jī)會結(jié)構(gòu)的發(fā)展,使伊斯蘭政黨正義與發(fā)展黨成為土耳其單獨(dú)組閣的執(zhí)政黨,而葛蘭運(yùn)動(dòng)的影響力也得到持續(xù)擴(kuò)大。在此過程中,土耳其政黨伊斯蘭運(yùn)動(dòng)和社會伊斯蘭運(yùn)動(dòng)搭建了各具特色的社會運(yùn)動(dòng)組織形態(tài)。其中,土耳其政黨伊斯蘭運(yùn)動(dòng)在福利黨的帶領(lǐng)下,搭建了縱向深入的等級制組織形態(tài),土耳其社會伊斯蘭運(yùn)動(dòng)在葛蘭組織和葛蘭運(yùn)動(dòng)得到帶領(lǐng)下,搭建了橫向延伸的平行組織形態(tài)。同時(shí),土耳其政黨伊斯蘭運(yùn)動(dòng)和社會伊斯蘭運(yùn)動(dòng)還有各自的策略制定,在策略制定上的分歧決定了它們之間相對獨(dú)立又相互競爭的關(guān)系。最后,本文以“7·15未遂政變”為例,具體分析了土耳其政黨伊斯蘭運(yùn)動(dòng)和社會伊斯蘭運(yùn)動(dòng)之間的聯(lián)盟和競爭關(guān)系。土耳其政黨伊斯蘭運(yùn)動(dòng)由于在政治機(jī)會結(jié)構(gòu)把握、組織形態(tài)運(yùn)作效率以及策略制定靈活性等方面占有的優(yōu)勢,最終主導(dǎo)了土耳其的伊斯蘭運(yùn)動(dòng)�？傊�,土耳其伊斯蘭運(yùn)動(dòng)在土耳其獨(dú)特的政治發(fā)展環(huán)境中形成了自身的特點(diǎn),而土耳其伊斯蘭運(yùn)動(dòng)的發(fā)展過程不僅影響著土耳其的政治發(fā)展,也影響著土耳其伊斯蘭運(yùn)動(dòng)本身�！�7·15未遂政變”的沖突既是土耳其伊斯蘭運(yùn)動(dòng)發(fā)展的一個(gè)過程,也是土耳其伊斯蘭運(yùn)動(dòng)發(fā)展的一個(gè)結(jié)果。這一結(jié)果對土耳其內(nèi)政外交產(chǎn)生的深遠(yuǎn)影響必將在土耳其未來的政治發(fā)展中逐漸反映出來。
[Abstract]:After entering twentieth Century, the Osman empire collapsed after the first World War, secular Republic of Turkey was born in Turkey, but the Islamic movement in secular Republic of Turkey set up from the ashes, cause the game between Islamism and secularism has become the main content of Turkey's political and social development for a long time. In the process of the development of Islamic Turkey the movement, part of the Islamist Islamic elite will be defined as personal spiritual beliefs, that religion does not interfere with national politics, to fight for survival in the field of Civil Society for Islam, thus launched a social Islamic movement in Turkey; another part of the Islamist elite, not only to join other parties, but also set up the Islamist political party, launched the Islamic movement of Turkey. The Islamic Movement Party and social Islamic movement, respectively on synchronization of the political parties in Turkey and the field of civil society in the field, but they all belong to a part of the Islamic movement of Turkey, in Republic of Turkey's powerful secular pressure, to seek their own development and growth. However, since 2002, the justice and Development Party came to power, to 2016 7 / 15 attempted coup ", Turkey's political development in the secular forces gradually decline, and between Islamist elite competition gradually occupied the main position in Turkey's political and social development. Through the analysis framework of social movement theory, to study the Islamic movement of Turkey since the founding of new China, the development and expansion of the the process. However, any kind of social movement theories to the Islamic movement of Turkey make a comprehensive and objective explanation, Islam as the core element of the Islamic movement of Turkey, its influence by the Islamic movement of Turkey on Republic of Turkey's political development and social change which can not be underestimated. Therefore, the framework of this further analysis method of religious politics throughout the social movement theory, explain how to initiate the Islamic movement of Turkey in a secular in the country and on the basis of Islamic parties; how to in charge of the state power; on the Gulen movement as the representative of the Islamic movement of Turkey society to form a so-called "parallel state"; the same as the Islamic movement of Turkey party Islamic movement and social Islamic movement why competition and conflict escalate into conflict in the form of a military coup; why the Islamic Party leader of Turkey party Islamic movement will prevail in this conflict, And become the leading force of the Islamic movement of Turkey. Through the analysis of various genres of social movement theory, the three most important elements of the social movement theory, is the political opportunity structure, organization form and strategy. Among them, the political opportunity structure mainly by the social movement in the political background, including international politics three, level of domestic political and social movement leaders on the political opportunity; organization mainly by the nature of social movement itself, and the social sports development mode and spatial decision, which consists of the intrinsic link between social movement organizations, determines the efficiency of social movement; strategy of social movement and co-ordination planning mainly includes the construction of the concept, the three aspects of social movement target and social movement mode, social movement progress smoothly and success. At the same time The theory of social movement, the three elements is a dynamic process, interrelated and indispensable. Favorable political opportunity structure to development of social movement brought a qualitative change, efficient form of organization to promote the accumulation of social movement in the quantitative strategy, continuously according to the actual situation of the social sports development to make adjustments that is not only beneficial to improve the organization operation efficiency make perfect and flexible strategy, but also help to promote the favorable political opportunity structure, or expand the existing political opportunity structure, even for the development of social sports to create new and more favorable political opportunity structure. Analysis shows that the development of the Islamic movement of Turkey has experienced three major political opportunity structure: first political opportunity structure, to promote the Turkey Islamic Party, the National Order Party And the National Salvation Party building, and promote the Gulen movement from the Turkey social talent shows itself the Islamic movement; the second political opportunity structure of the formation and expansion of Islamic parties to help Turkey welfare party become a mass party, and make the development to take shape the Gulen movement third times; the development of political opportunity structure, the Islamist justice and development party to become Turkey is a separate cabinet of the ruling party, and the influence of the Gulen movement has continued to expand. In this process, form of social movement organizations of political parties in Turkey Islamic movement and social Islamic movement built with distinctive features. Among them, the Turkey Party of the Islamic movement in the welfare of the party's leadership, set up in-depth longitudinal hierarchical organization, Turkey society the Islamic movement in the organization and the Gulen movement led by Glenn, built the lateral extension of parallel organization form. At the same time, the development of Turkey party Islamic movement and social Islamic movement as well as their strategies in the strategy differences between them determine the relation between the relatively independent and mutual competition. Finally, based on the "7 - 15 attempted coup" as an example, analyzes the Turkey political party between the Islamic movement and social movement and Islamic alliance the competition between political parties in Turkey. Islamic movement due to the political opportunity structure in organization form, operation efficiency and strategy flexibility and other aspects of dominance, eventually dominated the Islamic movement of Turkey. In short, the Islamic movement of Turkey has formed its own characteristics in the development of Turkey's unique political environment, and the development process not only affects the Islamic movement of Turkey Turkey's political development, but also affect the Islamic movement of Turkey itself. "7 - 15 attempted coup" The conflict is not only a process of the development of the Islamic movement in Turkey, but also a result of the development of Turkey's Islamic movement. The far-reaching impact of the result on Turkey's domestic politics and diplomacy will be reflected gradually in the future political development of Turkey.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：上海外國語大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：D737.4

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