本文選題：備倭　切入點(diǎn)：反腐　出處：《山東師范大學(xué)》2015年碩士論文

【摘要】：湯和（1326-1395），明朝開國功勛之一。他從公元1352年參加紅巾軍開始，南征北戰(zhàn)十余年，明朝建立后，他又以開國元?jiǎng)椎纳矸萑缏谋”纳盍?7年。所以，湯和是元末農(nóng)民大起義到明初（明洪武二十七年）這段歷史時(shí)期的重要見證者。這個(gè)時(shí)期大大小小的事件他都經(jīng)歷或者見證過。無論對(duì)于我們研究明初中央集權(quán)制度的必要性還是其具體政策，都有著舉足輕重的作用。湯和的一生可以如此概述：洞若觀火、急流勇退、防微杜漸、如履薄冰。而湯和人生中的重大事件皆與朱元璋中央集權(quán)政策都密不可分。 洪武十六年（1383）湯和受朱元璋之命到沿海備倭，他筑起了59座城，用以抵御倭寇與《武備志》中記載的朱元璋修建海堡是相吻合的，因此湯和備倭可以說是明太祖朱元璋海防建設(shè)的一個(gè)縮影，其中不難看出，由于建立伊始，國內(nèi)外諸事未定，明朝的統(tǒng)治根基還不是非常的穩(wěn)固，所以對(duì)于荼毒中國沿海地區(qū)的倭寇問題，明朝廷只能放棄主動(dòng)出擊，消滅敵人而采取守勢。以不變應(yīng)萬變。 洪武二十一年（1388）老邁的朱元璋疑心甚重，，不希望軍權(quán)長期把持在武將手中，湯和洞察出了朱元璋的本意，于是主動(dòng)提出致仕，朱元璋聽后十分高興，立刻命官府在中都修建府宅，并賜予湯和許多財(cái)物。但是其他的開國功臣們卻沒有湯和這樣的遠(yuǎn)見，貪戀權(quán)位慘遭屠戮。 湯和還鄉(xiāng)之后約束子孫家奴，規(guī)范行為，對(duì)待鄰里的態(tài)度和藹。他清楚，朱元璋沒有放松對(duì)自己的監(jiān)視，所以他每天都是飲酒享樂，從不與官員打交道，完全一副富貴翁之態(tài)，因而讓朱元璋很放心。顯示出他在集權(quán)專制統(tǒng)治下有謀略的一面。 中國歷史上對(duì)待貪腐問題制裁最為嚴(yán)厲的是朱元璋。這位出身于社會(huì)最底層的人對(duì)世間人情冷暖有著最深刻的了解。在他登基之后，曾多次告誡屬下：“天下初定,百姓財(cái)力俱困,譬如初飛之鳥,不可拔其羽,新植之木,不可搖其根,要在安養(yǎng)生息之”盡管朱元璋把話說得如此明白了，但是以身試法的官員仍層出不窮，為了遏止貪腐，朱元璋一改“刑新國用輕典”的做法，而是把懲治貪官作為國家頭等大事，大開殺戒，令當(dāng)時(shí)的官場為之一空。覺察出朱元璋本意的湯和從不貪戀賞賜，每次獲得皇帝的賞賜，都會(huì)把大部分分給鄉(xiāng)親。給別人的第一印象就是湯和這個(gè)人不貪財(cái)，或者表面看上去不怎么貪財(cái)。朱元璋企圖通過嚴(yán)酷的法律，來澄清當(dāng)時(shí)昏聵的吏治，達(dá)到凈化官場的目的，扶助民生，努力發(fā)展社會(huì)生產(chǎn)，縮小貧富差距，從而最大程度的緩和當(dāng)時(shí)的社會(huì)矛盾。 洪武元年（1368）至洪武三十一年（1398），朱元璋以緩和社會(huì)矛盾為出發(fā)點(diǎn)，實(shí)施了諸如嚴(yán)懲貪官、整飭吏治、保障民生、發(fā)展生產(chǎn)等對(duì)國家有益的政策。這一時(shí)期內(nèi)國家也向著良好方向發(fā)展。但是，朱元璋執(zhí)政晚期，剛愎自用、殘忍暴戾，為鞏固其集權(quán)統(tǒng)治，不惜興起黨獄，大肆屠戮勛臣，“胡藍(lán)黨案”牽扯甚多，最終造成“明初勛臣為之一空的局面”，幸存的功臣也惶惶不可終日�！皶r(shí)京官每旦入朝，必與妻子訣，及暮無事，則相慶以為又活一日”。 明朝上層社會(huì)彌漫著恐怖的氣氛。朱元璋為了加強(qiáng)皇權(quán)，胡惟庸案后毅然廢除了在中國存在了兩千多年的丞相制度，將相權(quán)收歸己有，但由于失去宰相的輔佐，政府的辦事效率普遍較低，致使到了永樂朝能采用內(nèi)閣制度，也造成了后來“內(nèi)閣”主政的局面，以至于權(quán)利皆把持于宰輔手中。使后來的權(quán)臣和宦官專權(quán)現(xiàn)象迭起，導(dǎo)致明末民亂紛起。這些都給后人留下了深刻的警示。
[Abstract]:And (1326-1395), one of the founding feats. He participated in the 1352 ad from the red turban army began more than ten years of civil war, and after the establishment of the Ming Dynasty, he was very careful to the identity of the a founding father of a country for 27 years of life. So, is the yuan soup and the peasants' uprising at the end to the beginning of Ming Dynasty (twenty-seven years Ming Hongwu) an important witness of this period are large and small events during this period. He has experienced or witnessed. Both for the necessity of our research in the early Ming Dynasty centralization system and its specific policy has played a significant role. And life can be so very clear-sighted, overview: jiliuyongtui, and major events. Check erroneous ideas at the outset, very careful in life with Zhu Yuanzhang and centralization the policy are inseparable.
Hongwu sixteen years (1383) and by Zhu Yuanzhang in the life to the coastal Beiwo, he built 59 cities, with Zhu Yuanzhang recorded against the pirates and < > fort built Wubei Zhi is consistent, and therefore Beiwo can be said to be a microcosm of Ming Zhu Yuanzhang coastal construction, it is not difficult to see in the beginning of the establishment, at home and abroad are uncertain, the rule of the Ming Dynasty foundation is not very stable, so the problem has Chinese coastal pirates, the court can only give up the initiative, and destroy the enemy on the defensive. Maintaining the status quo.
Hongwu twenty-one years (1388) old Zhu Yuanzhang paranoid, do not want long-term control in the hands of military generals, and insight into Zhu Yuanzhang's intention, then offered to retirement, Zhu Yuanzhang was very glad to hear that the authorities have built immediately. In the house, and gave the soup and many belongings. But the other founding hero who but no such foresight and slaughter, eager for power.
After returning the descendants of slaves and constraints, regulate behavior, treat the neighborhood affable. He knew that Zhu Yuanzhang did not relax to own surveillance, so every day he is drinking pleasure, and never deal with the officials, completely a pair of rich Weng state, so let Zhu Yuanzhang very heart. Show him in centralized strategy under the autocratic rule.
Chinese history treat corruption the most severe sanctions. This is Zhu Yuanzhang from the bottom of the society in the world has the most profound understanding of Men's feelings are changeable.. On his accession to the throne, had repeatedly warned: "under the world initially, people are trapped in financial, such as the early bird fly, can not pull the plume, the new plant trees, can not shake the root, to live in a nursing home." although Zhu Yuanzhang speaks so clearly, but officials still defy the law to emerge in an endless stream, curbing corruption, Zhu Yuanzhang changed the "new country with a light punishment code" approach, but to punish corrupt officials as a national priority, open at the time of the killing, that is one of the official empty. Noticing Zhu Yuanzhang will never love soup and reward, each time you get the emperor's reward, will put to most folks. Give people the first impression is that this person and not greedy, or seemingly not How greedy. Zhu Yuanzhang attempted to pass harsh laws to clarify that incompetent officials, to purify the officialdom to support the people's livelihood, to the development of social production, narrowing the gap between rich and poor, to the greatest extent to ease social conflicts at that time.
Hongwu (1368) to the Hongwu thirty-one years (1398), Zhu Yuanzhang to ease the social contradictions as the starting point, the implementation of such as punish corrupt officials, local administrative, protect people's livelihood, the development of production policies beneficial to the country. In this period the country towards a good direction. However, Zhu Yuanzhang's late self-willed cruel, violent, in order to consolidate its reign, the rise of the party at the prison, decimating Xun Chen, "Hu blue party case involved many, resulting in" Ming Xun Chen is one of the empty situation, surviving in a constant state of anxiety. "When the hero is in every once in Korea, will be with his wife and tactic, twilight no matter is Qing thought and day."
The upper society filled with terror. Zhu Yuanzhang in order to strengthen the imperial power, after the Hu Weiyong case in China resolutely abolished the existence of more than two thousand years of prime minister system, the rights reverted to have, but because of the loss of the prime minister's help, government efficiency is generally low, resulting in the Yongle to the cabinet system, also caused the later, the "cabinet" ruled the situation, so that all rights to control saisuke hands. The right and the eunuch Chen repeatedly phenomenon later, leading to the civil disturbances flared up. All these have left a profound lesson.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：山東師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號(hào)】：K248;D691

【參考文獻(xiàn)】

相關(guān)期刊論文 前10條

1 陳梧桐;;從《由僧缽到皇權(quán)》到《朱元璋傳》[J];安徽師范大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(人文社會(huì)科學(xué)版);2007年01期

2 肖建新;;明初法律的二重構(gòu)建——兼論朱元璋的法律思想[J];法學(xué)雜志;2010年07期

3 祥歌;;不得善終的明朝開國丞相李善長[J];文史天地;2007年11期

4 張勇;;湯和為何能活下來[J];文史天地;2009年11期

5 王凌;;明初清廉教育對(duì)當(dāng)前反腐倡廉教育的若干啟示[J];河南大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(社會(huì)科學(xué)版);2008年05期

6 陳平其;朱元璋反貪的歷史啟示[J];湖湘論壇;2004年02期

7 林正根;論明太祖的心態(tài)與功臣群體的覆滅[J];江漢論壇;1992年12期

8 關(guān)漢華;朱元璋與明代國家監(jiān)控體制的奠立[J];江漢論壇;2004年03期

9 展龍;;論朱元璋的教化思想及實(shí)踐[J];教育與考試;2011年02期

10 吳廣倫;;朱元璋的歷史難題——淺談朱元璋重典治貪[J];安徽冶金科技職業(yè)學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào);2006年02期

本文編號(hào)：1679730