本文選題：宋代　切入點(diǎn)：路級　出處：《河北大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：宋代的主要路級機(jī)構(gòu)包括轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)使司(漕)、提點(diǎn)刑獄司(憲)、提舉常平茶鹽司(倉)、安撫使司(帥)四個機(jī)構(gòu)。在四個路級機(jī)構(gòu)中,轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)使設(shè)置最早,在幾乎包攬了一路大小事務(wù),成為地方最高管理機(jī)構(gòu)之后,權(quán)力逐漸為他司所侵奪;提刑司則自誕生時起,就負(fù)有管理一路之獄訟和限制漕司勢力的雙重職責(zé),其后則陸續(xù)增加了其他任務(wù),尤其是賦稅的征收,形成了“第二征調(diào)系統(tǒng)”;提舉常平司由于涉及到了北宋中后期變法引起的政爭,命運(yùn)頗為復(fù)雜,以最后與茶鹽司的合并為機(jī)構(gòu)的最終歸宿;安撫司開始設(shè)置于邊境,其職能也主要是軍事性質(zhì)的,至南宋遍設(shè)諸路,起初是一路最重要的管理機(jī)構(gòu),之后地位卻迅速下降。隨著宋代政治史的演變,這些機(jī)構(gòu)的地位和職能也發(fā)生了變化,但權(quán)力分割和職能交叉,則是宋代政府一直努力維持的基本原則。與此同時,地方主管官員常常通過各類形式的“兼職”來擴(kuò)大自己的權(quán)力范圍。依據(jù)“兼職的任命是否制度化”和“機(jī)構(gòu)的獨(dú)立性”為標(biāo)準(zhǔn),路級官員的兼職可以劃分為“制度化\非制度化兼職”和“職務(wù)\職位性兼職”兩大類共四種情況,這些類型的兼職在不同程度上為地方治理的順暢發(fā)揮了作用;路級官員也存在各種不同的兼職類別,如路級官員的互兼、監(jiān)司兼郡、兼任軍職等,這些兼職產(chǎn)生的背景不同,發(fā)揮的政治效果也各異。對比兩宋的兼職差異后可以發(fā)現(xiàn),北宋的兼職通常屬于制度化和職務(wù)性兼職,兼職的形式較為規(guī)整,且總體數(shù)量上少于南宋;南宋的非制度化兼職和職位性兼職大量增加,形式上也更具“隨意性”。實際上,宋代路級官員兼職現(xiàn)象的頻率與類型,很大程度上取決于宋代的社會穩(wěn)定度。此外,不同官員的本職、官署的所在地等對官員兼職都會造成不同的影響。出于各種考慮,兼職之間也會存在某種回避性,但這種回避性有時候又會被其他因素打破。路級官員的兼職在省官節(jié)費(fèi)、精簡機(jī)構(gòu)上發(fā)揮了重要的歷史作用,通過兼職而集中的權(quán)力,也能在不同部門之間發(fā)揮協(xié)調(diào)作用,以消除機(jī)構(gòu)的外部性,減少信息傳遞和執(zhí)行成本,提高行政的“精確性”,適度兼職的存在,也有利于靈活處理突發(fā)狀況或非常程事件。但兼職過多也會造成一些負(fù)面影響:一、破壞了地方官員相互監(jiān)察和制約的制度設(shè)計用意;二、對官員造成了過重的行政負(fù)擔(dān),影響職務(wù)履行的效率;三、高層兼職現(xiàn)象的發(fā)展擴(kuò)大了地方權(quán)力,損害了中央集權(quán)。
[Abstract]:In the Song Dynasty, the main agencies at the road level included the Department of Transport and the Department of Criminal Affairs (Xianhe), the Changping Tea and Salt Department (Cang Wei), and the Department of appeasement (Shuai). Among the four agencies at the road level, the transshipment agency was the first to be set up. After taking over almost all the affairs and becoming the highest local administrative body, the power was gradually encroached upon by other departments; and from the time of its birth, the Secretary for punishment had the dual responsibility of managing the prison proceedings along the way and restricting the power of the Caoshi. Since then, other tasks have been added one after another, especially the collection of taxes, which has formed a "second system of recruitment and dispatch." the fate of Chang Ping-shih was quite complicated because he was involved in the political struggle caused by the reform of the law in the middle and late periods of the Northern Song Dynasty. The final destination of the organization was the merger with the tea and salt department. The pacification department began to be set up on the border, and its functions were mainly of a military nature. At the beginning of the Southern Song Dynasty, it was the most important administrative organization. As the political history of the Song Dynasty evolved, the status and functions of these institutions also changed, but the division of power and the intersection of functions were the basic principles that the Song government had been striving to maintain. Local officials often extend their powers through various forms of "part-time work". Based on the criteria of "institutionalization of part-time appointments" and "institutional independence", Part-time of road officials can be divided into four categories: "institutionalized\ non-institutionalized part-time" and "post\ post part-time". These types of part-time work play a role in the smooth local governance to varying degrees; There are also various types of part-time jobs for road officials, such as the intermingling of road officials, the division of supervisors and counties, and military posts. These part-time jobs have different backgrounds and different political effects. After comparing the differences of part-time jobs between the two Song dynasties, it can be found that. The part-time work of the Northern Song Dynasty is usually institutionalized and job-related, and the form of part-time work is more regular, and the overall number is less than that of the Southern Song Dynasty. In the Southern Song Dynasty, the number of non-institutionalized part-time and post part-time jobs has increased substantially, and the form is also more "arbitrary". In fact, The frequency and type of part-time work of road officials in the Song Dynasty depends to a large extent on the social stability of the Song Dynasty. In addition, the respective positions of different officials, the location of the government offices, etc. will have different effects on the part-time jobs of officials. For various reasons, There will also be some evasiveness between part-time jobs, but this evasiveness will sometimes be broken by other factors. Part-time work by road officials has played an important historical role in saving officials' fees and streamlining institutions, and through part-time work and centralized power, It can also play a coordinating role among different departments in order to eliminate the externalities of institutions, reduce the cost of information transmission and implementation, improve the "precision" of administration, and appropriately exist part-time jobs. It is also conducive to flexible handling of emergencies or extraordinary events. However, too many part-time jobs will also have some negative effects: first, it undermines the design of the system of mutual supervision and restriction of local officials; second, it creates an excessive administrative burden on officials. Third, the development of the phenomenon of high-level part-time work expands local power and damages centralization.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：河北大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：D691.4

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1 張澤倫;宋代路級官員兼職問題研究[D];河北大學(xué);2017年

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