【摘要】：隨著社會(huì)的不斷發(fā)展,科學(xué)技術(shù)的進(jìn)步,特別是近十年來(lái),科學(xué)技術(shù)已深入到社會(huì)政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化等各個(gè)領(lǐng)域,這些領(lǐng)域內(nèi)發(fā)生的犯罪案件和引起的犯罪案件和引起的訴訟爭(zhēng)議也與日俱增,其中涉及科技證據(jù)的范圍和種類也相應(yīng)增多。以我國(guó)為例,80年代科技證據(jù)在訴訟中的運(yùn)用僅占百分之幾,90年代以后,由于法律體系逐漸完備,尤其是刑法修訂及證據(jù)制度、庭審制度的改革,科技證據(jù)在訴訟中的運(yùn)用達(dá)百分之四十以上,在有的案件中它已經(jīng)成為關(guān)鍵證據(jù),甚至進(jìn)孤證。全國(guó)司法鑒定機(jī)構(gòu)也由過(guò)去的每年鑒定幾萬(wàn)件、十幾萬(wàn)件而躍升到幾十萬(wàn)件以至上百萬(wàn)件。鑒定專業(yè)范圍也由過(guò)去的四大傳統(tǒng)門類(物證技術(shù)學(xué)子、法醫(yī)學(xué)、司法精神病學(xué)、司法會(huì)計(jì)學(xué))擴(kuò)展到三、四十個(gè)專業(yè)學(xué)科近千個(gè)鑒定對(duì)象。但是相關(guān)的司法鑒定方面的立法卻嚴(yán)重滯后于司法實(shí)踐,導(dǎo)致了鑒定體制不順,管理混亂。人民群眾對(duì)司法鑒定改革的呼聲也越來(lái)越高。本人依法醫(yī)學(xué)鑒定為切入點(diǎn),主要以刑事訴訟中的法醫(yī)學(xué)鑒定為對(duì)象展開(kāi)討論。比較系統(tǒng)地分析了法醫(yī)學(xué)鑒定的性質(zhì)及特點(diǎn)、鑒定的過(guò)程、分類、條件等相關(guān)內(nèi)容,回顧了法醫(yī)學(xué)鑒定的發(fā)展史,對(duì)古今中外的法醫(yī)學(xué)鑒定制度作了比較詳細(xì)的介紹。明確了法醫(yī)學(xué)鑒定只是訴訟活動(dòng)中的一種發(fā)現(xiàn)證據(jù)、審查與核實(shí)證據(jù)的活動(dòng)。是用法醫(yī)學(xué)知識(shí)與技術(shù)訴訟中的專門性問(wèn)題所作的識(shí)別與判斷。它貫穿于偵查、起訴、審判、乃至執(zhí)行等訴訟階段的各個(gè)過(guò)程。它提供的是法律科技服務(wù),是一種科學(xué)實(shí)證活動(dòng)。提出對(duì)法醫(yī)學(xué)鑒定的定位及在刑事訴訟中的作用及體制的建構(gòu)除了尊重刑事訴訟的價(jià)值規(guī)律外,更應(yīng)當(dāng)尊重其作為一門自然科學(xué)的屬性及規(guī)律。本文從鑒定主體的確立、鑒定決定權(quán)、鑒定的實(shí)施、鑒定人資格的確定、鑒定人的權(quán)利、義務(wù)、鑒定的救濟(jì)制度、鑒定體制的構(gòu)建等方面對(duì)中外的法醫(yī)學(xué)鑒定制度作了比較,明晰了我國(guó)目前法醫(yī)學(xué)鑒定體制混亂的原因,提出了在我國(guó)現(xiàn)階段為確保法醫(yī)學(xué)鑒定的客觀、公正、公平應(yīng)逐步建立獨(dú)立與司法機(jī)關(guān)的集中型的法醫(yī)學(xué)鑒定體制。要充分依托大學(xué)等學(xué)術(shù)機(jī)構(gòu),充分借鑒德國(guó)的法醫(yī)學(xué)鑒定模式,從體制層面去克服目前分散型的鑒定體制下的種種弊端,從而使鑒定結(jié)論更具有權(quán)威性,嚴(yán)肅性,更好地服務(wù)于我國(guó)的司法訴訟活動(dòng)。
[Abstract]:With the continuous development of society and the progress of science and technology, especially in the past decade, science and technology have gone deep into various fields such as social politics, economy, culture, and so on. The number of criminal cases and litigation disputes in these areas has also increased, and the scope and type of scientific and technological evidence has increased accordingly. Taking China as an example, the use of scientific and technological evidence in litigation in the 1980s accounted for only a few percent. After the 1990s, due to the gradual perfection of the legal system, especially the revision of the criminal law and the reform of the evidence system and the trial system, The use of scientific and technological evidence in litigation has reached more than 40%, and in some cases it has become the key evidence, even into solitary evidence. National forensic authorities have also jumped from tens of thousands and more than 100, 000 each year to hundreds of thousands or even millions. The scope of expertise has also been extended from four traditional categories (forensic science, forensic psychiatry, judicial accounting) to nearly 1,000 identification subjects in thirty or forty specialties. However, the related legislation of judicial expertise lags behind the judicial practice seriously, which leads to the disorderly appraisal system and the confusion of management. The people's voice for judicial appraisal reform is also getting higher and higher. According to the law of medical identification as the starting point, mainly in the criminal procedure forensic expertise as the object of discussion. This paper makes a systematic analysis of the nature and characteristics of forensic expertise, the process, classification and conditions of forensic expertise, reviews the development history of forensic expertise, and gives a more detailed introduction to the forensic expertise system at home and abroad in ancient and modern times. It is clear that forensic expertise is only one of the activities of discovery, examination and verification of evidence in litigation. It is the identification and judgment of specialized problems in forensic knowledge and technical litigation. It runs through the various stages of investigation, prosecution, trial, and even execution. What it provides is the legal science and technology service, is a kind of scientific demonstration activity. In addition to respecting the law of value of criminal procedure, the author points out that the orientation of forensic expertise and the construction of its function and system in criminal procedure should not only respect the law of value of criminal procedure, but also respect its attribute and law as a natural science. This article makes a comparison between Chinese and foreign forensic medical identification systems from the aspects of the establishment of the subject, the power of determination, the implementation of the appraisal, the determination of the qualification of the appraiser, the rights and obligations of the appraiser, the relief system of the appraisal, and the construction of the appraisal system, and so on. This paper clarifies the reasons for the confusion of forensic expertise system in our country at present, and puts forward that in order to ensure the objectivity and justice of forensic expertise in our country at the present stage, the centralized forensic identification system of independent and judicial organs should be set up step by step. It is necessary to fully rely on universities and other academic institutions, fully learn from the German forensic medical identification model, and overcome all kinds of drawbacks under the current decentralized identification system from the institutional level, so as to make the appraisal conclusions more authoritative and solemn. Better serve our country's judicial litigation activities.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：山東大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2005
【分類號(hào)】：D919.4

【引證文獻(xiàn)】

相關(guān)期刊論文 前2條

1 李菊萍;;關(guān)于《法醫(yī)學(xué)》實(shí)驗(yàn)教學(xué)的改革初探[J];高校實(shí)驗(yàn)室工作研究;2009年03期

2 劉亮;;中國(guó)法醫(yī)學(xué)司法鑒定體制的問(wèn)題及改革[J];法制與社會(huì);2013年23期

相關(guān)博士學(xué)位論文 前1條

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相關(guān)碩士學(xué)位論文 前1條

1 金悅;精神病犯罪嫌疑人、被告人刑事訴訟特殊程序問(wèn)題研究[D];中國(guó)政法大學(xué);2007年

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本文編號(hào)：2456811