本文選題：河西走廊 + 民族變遷�。� 參考：《陜西師范大學(xué)》2008年碩士論文

【摘要】： 河西走廊地區(qū)的民族變遷史是一個極為復(fù)雜的問題,這不僅表現(xiàn)在先后活動于該地區(qū)的民族數(shù)量多,而且還表現(xiàn)在前后民族的相互混生交融。自古以來,在河西走廊地區(qū)活動過的民族到底有多少,這恐怕已無人能說得清楚。但從民族變遷之大勢來看,這一地區(qū)民族變遷的主要線索又是十分清楚的。秦漢初期及其以前相當(dāng)長的時間里,烏孫、月氏、匈奴與羌等游牧民族或者先后或者共同長期生活繁衍于此。自漢武帝派大軍從匈奴手中奪取河西走廊地區(qū)之后,在匈奴等游牧民族人口大量遷出的同時中原農(nóng)耕民族人口大量遷入。直到魏晉三百多年時間里,漢民族人口應(yīng)該是該地區(qū)人口的主要組成部分。這樣,河西走廊這片游牧民族的天然樂土第一次被開辟成了農(nóng)耕民族的家園。從東漢中后期開始的諸族內(nèi)徙一直到隋唐之初,這段時間河西走廊地區(qū)民族狀況異常復(fù)雜,農(nóng)耕民族人口由于喪失了強大中原王朝的支持,面對強大草原民族的侵擾,或被屠殺,或逃歸或被同化,人口數(shù)量急劇下降。而與此同時,氐、羌、吐谷渾、鮮卑、柔然、突厥等民族分別從南、北兩個方向滲透到該地區(qū),從而使得河西走廊地區(qū)社會經(jīng)濟形態(tài)在相當(dāng)程度上回復(fù)到了以游牧經(jīng)濟為基礎(chǔ)的畜牧經(jīng)濟形態(tài)。隋、唐建立以后,中原王朝憑借強大的實力后盾,再次著手經(jīng)營河西走廊及其以西的西域,漢民族人口再一次大規(guī)模的進入河西走廊,該地區(qū)的農(nóng)耕經(jīng)濟迅速得以恢復(fù)、發(fā)展,農(nóng)業(yè)社會系統(tǒng)再次重建。公元8世紀中葉以后,隨著中原王朝與吐蕃實力對比關(guān)系的變化,該地區(qū)逐漸落入吐蕃之手。維持了近一個半世紀的以漢民族為主導(dǎo)的河西走廊地區(qū)又開始了長期的吐蕃化時代,農(nóng)業(yè)社會系統(tǒng)再一次瓦解。繼吐蕃之后,黨項、蒙古等游牧民族又相繼控制這一地區(qū),直到公元十四世紀中后期明朝控制并開發(fā)河西走廊中、東部。全過程約600余年。從明代到現(xiàn)在,河西走廊地區(qū)一直牢牢地控制在統(tǒng)一的中原王朝手中,大批漢族農(nóng)民又一次在中央政府的統(tǒng)一安排下或相關(guān)政策的鼓勵下進入河西走廊地區(qū),進行農(nóng)業(yè)開發(fā)。經(jīng)過中原漢族移民600多年的開發(fā)經(jīng)營,到今天,河西走廊地區(qū)已經(jīng)徹底的由歷史上純粹的游牧民族天然樂土變成了農(nóng)業(yè)民族的家園。 任何部落、民族要想在自己所處的環(huán)境中生存、發(fā)展,都得開發(fā)、利用當(dāng)?shù)氐乃临Y源,而且還得要找到適應(yīng)自己所處地理、氣候等環(huán)境的開發(fā)利用水土資源方式。也就是說在不同的自然環(huán)境下會形成不同的水土資源開發(fā)利用方式。這是自然環(huán)境因素對人類行為在本質(zhì)上的規(guī)定與約束。特定的水土資源開發(fā)利用方式一旦形成,它就會得到熟悉它的人們在相同或相似甚至差異較大的環(huán)境中長期固守。比如北方草原游牧民族南下進入農(nóng)耕地區(qū),他們就不會放下馬鞭而抄起鋤頭進行農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn),至少不會在短時間內(nèi)這樣做。同理,農(nóng)耕民族亦然。由于河西走廊地區(qū)特殊的地理區(qū)位以及水土等自然條件,自古以來就是農(nóng)耕漢民族與游牧民族競相爭奪的地區(qū)。伴隨著農(nóng)牧民族交替入主該地區(qū),就必然引起區(qū)域內(nèi)水土資源開發(fā)利用方式的更替變遷。即如果農(nóng)耕民族進入該地區(qū)就會大力推行自己所熟悉的農(nóng)耕這種水土資源開發(fā)利用方式,相反游牧民族則大力推行畜牧這種水土資源開發(fā)利用方式。這樣就形成了河西走廊地區(qū)歷史上農(nóng)牧兩種水土資源開發(fā)利用方式的反復(fù)交替推行、采用的現(xiàn)象。盡管從另一方面來看,人類對自然環(huán)境的開發(fā)利用,在一定范圍內(nèi)是擁有相當(dāng)自由的,即在開發(fā)、利用的方式以及手段的選擇上具有一定范圍的自由。但這種自由度本身是隨著區(qū)域自然生態(tài)環(huán)境差異程度不同而有所不同的。區(qū)域自然生態(tài)環(huán)境越脆弱,人們開發(fā)利用它的自由度就越小,反之越大。對于像河西走廊這樣的自然生態(tài)環(huán)境極度脆弱的地區(qū),這種自由度可以說是極其有限。因此,在河西走廊地區(qū),由于居民民族成分變遷而導(dǎo)致的水土資源開發(fā)利用方式的變化,最后又會引起當(dāng)?shù)刈匀簧鷳B(tài)環(huán)境的不同性質(zhì)的演變。
[Abstract]:The history of ethnic changes in the Hexi corridor area is a very complicated problem, which is not only manifested in the number of ethnic groups which have been active in the region, but also in the blending of the ethnic groups. The main clue of the transition of the region is very clear. In the early period of the Qin and Han Dynasties and the long time before the Qin and Han Dynasties, the nomadic people, such as the Wusun, the Xiongnu and the Qiang and other nomadic people of the Xiongnu, had long lived and multiplied. In the more than 300 years of the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the population of the Han nationality should be the main component of the population in the region. The natural music of the nomadic people of the Hexi corridor was first opened up as the home of the farming nation. In the early period of the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the ethnic situation in the Hexi corridor area was very complex, and the population of the farming ethnic group had lost the support of the powerful Central Plains Dynasty, faced with the harassment, or the massacre, or the assimilation of the strong grasslands. At the same time, the people of Di, Qiang, turhun, Xianbei, ROEN, Turkic and other people were in a sharp decline. The social and economic form of the Hexi Corridor has returned to the animal husbandry economic form based on the nomadic economy in a considerable degree. After the Sui and Tang Jianli, the Central Plains Dynasty, with the strong backing of strength, managed to operate the Hexi Corridor and western regions of the West and the Han nationality after the Sui and Tang Jianli dynasties. Once again, a large-scale entrance into the Hexi Corridor, the farming economy of the region was quickly restored, developed, and the agricultural social system was rebuilt. After the middle of the eighth Century ad, the region gradually fell into the hands of Tubo with the change of the Central Plains and Tubo's strength. It maintained the Hexi dominated by the Han nationality in the past 1.5 centuries. The corridor area began a long period of Tubo Period, and the agricultural social system disintegrated again. Following the Tubo, the nomadic people of the party and the Mongolia and other nomadic people controlled this area one after another, until the Ming Dynasty in the middle of the fourteenth Century, the eastern. The whole process was about 600 years. From the Ming Dynasty to the present, the Hexi corridor area has been It is firmly controlled in the hands of the unified Central Plains Dynasty. A large number of Han peasants have once again entered the Hexi Corridor Area and carried on agricultural development under the unified arrangement of the central government or the encouragement of the relevant policies. After 600 years of development and management of the Han immigrants in the Central Plains of China, the heta corridor area has completely been a purely nomadic herdsman in the history of the Hexi corridor area. The natural music of the ethnic group has become the home of the agricultural nation.
In any tribe, people who want to survive and develop in their own environment have to develop, utilize local soil and water resources, and have to find ways to develop and utilize soil and water resources to adapt to their own geographical and climatic environment. That is to say, different ways of water and soil resources development and utilization will be formed under different natural environments. However, environmental factors stipulate and restrict the nature of human behavior. Once the specific way of exploitation and utilization of soil and water resources is formed, it will get people familiar with it for a long time in the same or similar or even larger environment. For example, the nomadic people of the northern grassland are entering the farming area south, and they will not lay down the whip and copy them. As a result of the special geographical location of the Hexi Corridor and the natural conditions of the soil and water, the farming and farming people have been competing for the nomadic ethnic groups since ancient times. The change in the way of exploitation and utilization of soil and water resources, that is, if the farming nation enters the area, it will vigorously carry out the way of exploitation and utilization of soil and water resources, which is familiar with the agriculture, on the contrary, the nomadic people vigorously promote the development and utilization of the land and water resources of the animal husbandry. Thus, two kinds of water and animal husbandry in the Hexi Corridor region have been formed. In a certain range, human beings have considerable freedom in the development and utilization of the natural environment, that is, freedom in a certain range of ways and means of exploitation, utilization and means, but this freedom itself is with the nature of the region. The more fragile the ecological environment is, the more fragile the natural ecological environment of the region is, the smaller the degree of freedom for people to develop and use it, the greater the greater. This degree of freedom can be said to be extremely limited in areas such as the Hexi Corridor, which is extremely vulnerable to natural and ecological environment. The change of the development and utilization of water and soil resources caused by the changes will eventually lead to the evolution of the local natural ecological environment.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：陜西師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2008
【分類號】：C951

【引證文獻】

相關(guān)碩士學(xué)位論文 前3條

1 柳忠明;明代河西走廊的民族構(gòu)成及其發(fā)展變化[D];青海師范大學(xué);2011年

2 陳雪梅;黑河流域晚全新世農(nóng)業(yè)活動及環(huán)境演變的孢粉學(xué)研究[D];蘭州大學(xué);2012年

3 王玉壽;絲路古韻 涼州遺風(fēng)—涼州區(qū)音樂文化研究[D];福建師范大學(xué);2012年

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