【摘要】：[目的]:隨著現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)信息技術(shù)的應(yīng)用和滴灌技術(shù)日益的發(fā)展,新疆南北疆的設(shè)施農(nóng)業(yè)作物的推廣種植得到了快速崛起,然而絕大多數(shù)設(shè)施農(nóng)業(yè)的灌溉水和化肥施用沒(méi)有節(jié)制,浪費(fèi)嚴(yán)重、利用率較低。如何提高水肥和土地資源的利用效率,實(shí)現(xiàn)作物精準(zhǔn)灌溉施肥,成為當(dāng)前新疆設(shè)施農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展進(jìn)程中的一個(gè)難點(diǎn)和熱點(diǎn)。鑒于此,因地制宜的開(kāi)發(fā)一套適合我國(guó)國(guó)情以及新疆本土的低成本、高效率、實(shí)用性的全自動(dòng)水肥一體化系統(tǒng),結(jié)合黃沙基質(zhì)栽培技術(shù)把該套系統(tǒng)應(yīng)用在設(shè)施農(nóng)業(yè)作物栽培上,不僅成為現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展的需要,也成為帶動(dòng)新疆以及兵團(tuán)少數(shù)民族地區(qū)干旱生態(tài)農(nóng)業(yè)實(shí)現(xiàn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的關(guān)鍵。[方法]:該系統(tǒng)由控制中心、灌溉施肥系統(tǒng)、土壤墑情采集系統(tǒng)三大模塊構(gòu)成�？刂葡到y(tǒng)中心采用PLC(可編程控制器)技術(shù)和觸摸顯示屏技術(shù)相結(jié)合,通過(guò)觸摸顯示屏界面選擇水池和自來(lái)水兩種灌溉水源方式,設(shè)定手動(dòng)和自動(dòng)兩種水肥運(yùn)行模式、水肥參數(shù),可實(shí)現(xiàn)水肥的定時(shí)定量以及自動(dòng)化控制。灌溉施肥系統(tǒng)由兩個(gè)文丘里吸肥器、一個(gè)灌溉通道、兩個(gè)吸肥器控制電動(dòng)球閥、四個(gè)灌溉電動(dòng)球閥、潛水泵、離心泵、液位儀等PVC管件組成,采用電動(dòng)球閥作為灌溉和施肥的開(kāi)關(guān)控件結(jié)合文丘里吸肥器可均勻穩(wěn)定的實(shí)現(xiàn)四個(gè)溫室大棚相同作物或不同作物的水肥控制,同時(shí)針對(duì)不同作物各個(gè)時(shí)期水肥需求,制定匹配的灌溉與施肥方案。土壤墑情采集系統(tǒng)由土壤水分/EC為一體的傳感器、無(wú)線采集模塊、無(wú)線傳輸模塊三部分構(gòu)成,這一模塊的設(shè)計(jì)可對(duì)作物根際灌溉水的含量和電導(dǎo)率精準(zhǔn)控制和實(shí)時(shí)調(diào)節(jié)。[結(jié)果]:本文設(shè)計(jì)的基于PLC控制的全自動(dòng)水肥一體化系統(tǒng),通過(guò)設(shè)定作物不同生育期的水肥參數(shù),N、P、K和微肥的比例,采用黃沙作為栽培基質(zhì)與系統(tǒng)的結(jié)合,在新疆南北疆設(shè)施溫室大棚高產(chǎn)栽培種植項(xiàng)目上的應(yīng)用實(shí)現(xiàn)了四座溫室大棚不同作物的水肥的精準(zhǔn)控制。以PLC+觸摸屏為控制中心模塊,穩(wěn)定可靠;灌溉裝置采用獨(dú)立管道由PLC直接控制,通過(guò)觸摸顯示屏的按鍵一鍵啟動(dòng)灌溉,當(dāng)傳感器偵測(cè)到土壤容積含水量達(dá)到提前設(shè)置好的水分上線時(shí),自動(dòng)關(guān)閉灌溉模式;施肥裝置由兩條施肥通道與灌溉管路并聯(lián),可獨(dú)立開(kāi)啟,通過(guò)監(jiān)測(cè)土壤EC值,控制肥料的用量,達(dá)到精準(zhǔn)施肥的目的;水分/EC傳感器針對(duì)作物根部土壤水分以及EC值的動(dòng)態(tài)監(jiān)測(cè),可實(shí)現(xiàn)水肥定時(shí)定量供給和實(shí)時(shí)調(diào)控。無(wú)線采集模塊和傳輸模塊和傳感器的有效結(jié)合,并且將其優(yōu)化應(yīng)用于整個(gè)系統(tǒng)中,提高了土壤數(shù)據(jù)采集的效率,實(shí)現(xiàn)真正精準(zhǔn)灌溉施肥。通過(guò)新疆南北疆設(shè)施園區(qū)示范表明;通過(guò)作物不同生育期的灌溉參數(shù)、肥料配比、施肥參數(shù)的設(shè)計(jì)和控制,全自動(dòng)水肥一體化系統(tǒng)控制下栽培的西瓜和番木瓜整個(gè)生育期基質(zhì)容積含水量保持在10%~22%、15%~22.5%,EC值在0.32 m S/cm~1.25m S/cm、0.21m S/cm~1.15 m S/cm,實(shí)現(xiàn)了南疆皮山農(nóng)場(chǎng)設(shè)施園區(qū)西瓜及北疆伊犁誼群設(shè)施園區(qū)番木瓜在黃沙基質(zhì)上的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化高效栽培及水肥精準(zhǔn)控制。
[Abstract]:[Objective] With the application of modern agricultural information technology and the development of drip irrigation technology, the popularization and planting of protected agricultural crops in northern and southern Xinjiang have been rapidly rising. However, most of the irrigation water and fertilizer application in protected agriculture are unrestrained, wasted seriously and the utilization rate is low. How to improve the utilization efficiency of water, fertilizer and land resources In view of this, it is necessary to develop a set of low-cost, high-efficiency and practical automatic water and fertilizer integration system suitable for China's national conditions as well as Xinjiang's local conditions. The system is applied to the establishment in combination with the cultivation techniques of yellow sand substrate. On the cultivation of agricultural crops, it is not only the need of modern agriculture development, but also the key to drive the sustainable development of arid eco-agriculture in Xinjiang and minority areas. Controller) technology and touch screen technology combined, through the touch screen interface selection pool and tap water two irrigation water sources, set manual and automatic two water and fertilizer operation modes, water and fertilizer parameters, can achieve water and fertilizer timing quantitative and automatic control. Two fertilizer suckers control electric ball valves, four irrigation electric ball valves, submersible pumps, centrifugal pumps, level meters and other PVC pipe components, using electric ball valves as irrigation and fertilization switching controls combined with Venturi fertilizer suckers can evenly and steadily achieve the same crop or different crop water and fertilizer control in four greenhouses, at the same time for different crops. Soil moisture acquisition system consists of three parts: soil moisture / EC sensor, wireless acquisition module and wireless transmission module. The design of this module can precisely control and real-time adjust the content and conductivity of crop rhizosphere irrigation water. The automatic water and fertilizer integration system based on PLC control realized the application of water and fertilizer in four greenhouse greenhouses of different crops by setting the water and fertilizer parameters of different growth stages, the ratio of N, P, K and micro-fertilizer, and the combination of yellow sand as the cultivation substrate and system. Precision control. PLC + touch screen is used as control center module, which is stable and reliable. The irrigation device is directly controlled by PLC through an independent pipe, and the irrigation is started by touching the button of the display screen. When the sensor detects that the soil volumetric water content reaches the pre-set water content, the irrigation mode is automatically closed. The channel can be opened in parallel with the irrigation pipeline independently, and the purpose of precise fertilization can be achieved by monitoring the EC value of soil and controlling the amount of fertilizer. The water/EC sensor can realize the timely and quantitative supply and real-time regulation of water and fertilizer for the dynamic monitoring of soil moisture and EC value of crop roots. Through the demonstration of the facility Park in the north and south of Xinjiang, it shows that through the design and control of irrigation parameters, fertilizer ratio, fertilizer parameters in different growth stages of crops, watermelon cultivated under the control of the automatic integrated water and fertilizer system. In the whole growth period, the volume water content of the substrate was maintained at 10%~22%, 15%~22.5%, EC value was 0.32 m S/cm~1.25 m S/cm, 0.21 m S/cm~1.15 m S/cm. The standardized cultivation of watermelon in the Facility Garden of Pishan Farm in South Xinjiang and the precision control of water and fertilizer in the Facility Garden of Yili Yiqun in North Xinjiang were realized.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：石河子大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：TP273;S365

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