【摘要】：在現(xiàn)代油氣勘探開發(fā)中,隨鉆測井(LWD)技術(shù)可應(yīng)用于鉆鋌的實時監(jiān)控和實現(xiàn)地質(zhì)導向,以便有效提高大斜度井和水平井鉆進成功率、油氣采收率和單井產(chǎn)能。其原理是將測量裝置安裝在鉆鋌附近,使其能夠在鉆井過程中對鉆鋌周圍地層進行有效測量并將測量結(jié)果實時傳送到地面或儲存起來。由于剛鉆開的地層受泥漿侵入影響較小,隨鉆測井更容易獲得地層真實參數(shù)。在經(jīng)歷了三十多年的發(fā)展以后,隨鉆測井已包含了電阻率、聲波、中子與密度、核磁以及井壁成像等幾乎所有的測井方法,不僅能夠進行地質(zhì)導向,而且還能夠即時進行復雜油氣儲層綜合評價。方位隨鉆電磁測井是一種新型隨鉆測井技術(shù),能夠更好地解決各向異性地層中復雜油氣探勘開發(fā)問題,該儀器由安裝在鉆鋌表面的傾斜線圈系組合成發(fā)射與接收系統(tǒng),利用鉆鋌在鉆進過程中的旋轉(zhuǎn),測量不同方位角上的電磁場,從中提取張量型電磁信號,不僅能夠獲取地層縱橫向電導率、地層相對傾角與方位角信息,而且鑒于其交叉分量對地層邊界更敏感的特點,能夠更有效實現(xiàn)對地層邊界的實時探測,進而更好地解決復雜油氣儲層評價與實時導向的問題。為了實現(xiàn)方位隨鉆電磁傳播儀器相關(guān)參數(shù)的優(yōu)化設(shè)計(包含線圈系間距、工作頻率、傾斜線圈系的傾角等),并為隨鉆電磁資料的解釋與反演提供可靠理論依據(jù),本論文將根據(jù)隨鉆方位電磁傳播測井儀器的結(jié)構(gòu)特點,基于柱坐標系下電場矢勢和標勢耦合勢方程研究建立與隨鉆方位電磁傳播測井技術(shù)相配套的三維數(shù)值模擬算法和軟件,并對其響應(yīng)特征進行詳細的考察。主要研究內(nèi)容如下:第一章,簡要介紹電法測井儀器的發(fā)展歷程以及方位隨鉆電磁測井的研究背景與意義�；仡欕姺y井數(shù)值模擬中的解析、半解析以及多種數(shù)值模擬算法,并對其優(yōu)缺點進行分析總結(jié)。最后,陳述本論文的主要研究內(nèi)容與創(chuàng)新點。第二章,根據(jù)方位隨鉆電磁測井儀器的典型線圈系結(jié)構(gòu)以及電磁疊加原理,通過引入完全各向異性地層中電偶極子并矢Green函數(shù),給出傾斜發(fā)射線圈電場以及傾斜接收線圈上感應(yīng)電動勢的計算公式,并利用電場混合勢(矢勢和標勢)克服電磁場數(shù)值模擬過程中的低感應(yīng)數(shù)問題。針對圓柱狀鉆鋌表面的特點,建立柱坐標系下Lebedev網(wǎng)格剖分方法,以提高數(shù)值模擬效率,即在?、z方向采用漸進網(wǎng)格、?方向用等間距網(wǎng)格并通過延拓虛點技術(shù)處理柱坐標系下電磁場的周期性問題。此外,利用標準均質(zhì)化技術(shù)計算了控制單元的等價電導率以提高非均質(zhì)網(wǎng)格上的離散精度。在此基礎(chǔ)上,將應(yīng)用柱坐標系下的三維有限體積法,進一步推導出電場矢勢和標勢Helmholtz方程與電流源離散方法,得到一個柱坐標系下交錯網(wǎng)格節(jié)點上電場耦合勢的大型稀疏方程,并利用不完全LU分解(ILUT)預處理與穩(wěn)定雙共軛梯度法(Bi CGSTAB)迭代法和Pardiso并行直接求解法這兩種方法求解大型代數(shù)方程組。最后,利用數(shù)值結(jié)果對算法的可靠性進行檢驗。第三章,詳細討論了發(fā)射線圈的兩種近似處理方法:疊加電偶極子與疊加磁偶極子,并對兩種近似情況下的儀器響應(yīng)進行對比。數(shù)值結(jié)果表明:不論發(fā)射線圈和接收線圈是否傾斜,用疊加電偶極子模擬發(fā)射線圈的測井響應(yīng)更能保持較高的精度;而只有在發(fā)射線圈和接收線圈有一個保持軸向時、或者小鉆鋌的情況下,用疊加磁偶極子近似發(fā)射線圈的測井響應(yīng)才能保持較高的精度。最終,得出結(jié)論:在方位隨鉆測井儀器測井響應(yīng)的數(shù)值模擬中,用疊加電偶極子近似模擬發(fā)射線圈更有效。第四章,利用柱坐標系下有限體積法建立的三維數(shù)值模擬軟件,具體考察了傾斜方位隨鉆線圈系(軸向收發(fā)線圈、軸向發(fā)射與傾斜接收線圈、傾斜發(fā)射與軸向接收線圈、傾斜收發(fā)線圈組合成的三線圈系或四線圈系測量方式)在鉆鋌旋轉(zhuǎn)角固定不變,以及鉆鋌連續(xù)旋轉(zhuǎn)時方位隨鉆電磁響應(yīng)的變化特征,作為對比還考察了共面方位線圈系(三線圈、四線圈組合方式)在鉆鋌連續(xù)旋轉(zhuǎn)時的電磁響應(yīng)。在鉆鋌旋轉(zhuǎn)角固定不變的情況下:垂直井中,井眼泥漿電導率對傾斜方位隨鉆線圈系(軸向收發(fā)線圈、軸向發(fā)射與傾斜接收線圈、傾斜發(fā)射與軸向接收線圈)隨鉆測井的影響會很小;泥漿電阻率對傾斜收發(fā)線圈系隨鉆測井響應(yīng)的影響明顯變大,且在層邊界附近由于積累面電荷影響,幅度比和相位差曲線會出現(xiàn)明顯“犄角”。而在傾斜井中,隨著井眼傾角的增大,無論是軸向線圈還是傾斜線圈,井眼泥漿對測井響應(yīng)均產(chǎn)生較大影響,且井眼泥漿對完全傾斜收發(fā)線圈系響應(yīng)的影響更大。三線圈系在測井中會導致測井響應(yīng)整體偏移,四線圈系由于具有對稱的線圈系結(jié)構(gòu),消除了偏移。因此,四線圈系的測井響應(yīng)更能精確反應(yīng)層邊界的位置。在鉆鋌連續(xù)旋轉(zhuǎn)的情況下:均勻的各向異性地層中,幅度比和相位差隨方位角變化并在180度時左右對稱,且井眼傾角增大時方位角變化對測井響應(yīng)的影響會更大。方位隨鉆電磁測井儀器的一個主要功能是具有較強的探邊能力,從而達到實時地質(zhì)導航的目的。為了比較不同結(jié)構(gòu)儀器的探邊能力,將不同結(jié)構(gòu)的儀器傾斜穿過上下對稱的三層地層模型,考察其對層邊界的響應(yīng)特征。不同深度點、不同儀器方位角下的儀器響應(yīng)三維圖顯示:線圈偏移會導致單邊儀器在層邊界進、出位置有明顯不同,并且在對稱的地層模型中產(chǎn)生的幅度比和相位差響應(yīng)不對稱;而雙邊儀器由于采用了對稱的儀器結(jié)構(gòu),在層邊界的進、出位置幾乎對稱,整體的幅度比和相位差響應(yīng)也幾乎對稱。此外,當工作頻率降低時,幅度比響應(yīng)和相位差響應(yīng)變化相對減小。這說明工作頻率越低,線圈方位角對方位隨鉆電磁測井影響越小。與采用傾斜線圈系的儀器相比,采用水平共面線圈系的儀器對層邊界更敏感,具有更強的探邊能力。第五章,對全文進行了總結(jié)并對下一步工作進行展望。
[Abstract]:In modern oil and gas exploration and development, the LWD technology can be applied to real-time monitoring and geological guidance of the drill collar, in order to effectively improve the drilling success rate, oil and gas recovery and single well productivity. The principle is to install the measuring device near the drill collar, so that it can be used in the drilling collar. Effective measurements are carried out and the results are transmitted to the ground or stored in real time. As the formation of the rigid drill is less affected by mud invasion, the real parameters of the formation are more easily obtained with the drilling well logging. After more than thirty years of development, the logging has included resistivity, acoustic wave, neutron and density, nuclear magnetic and well wall imaging, etc. All logging methods can not only carry out geological guidance, but also make a comprehensive evaluation of complex oil and gas reservoirs. Azimuth drilling electromagnetic logging is a new type of drilling well logging technology, which can better solve the problem of complex oil and gas exploration and development in the anisotropic formation. The instrument is composed of the inclined coil system installed on the drill collar. The synthetic emission and receiving system uses the rotation of the drill collar during the drilling process to measure the electromagnetic field on different azimuth angles and extract the tensor electromagnetic signal from it. It can not only obtain the longitudinal and transverse conductivity of the formation, the relative inclination and azimuth information of the formation, but also can be more effective in view of the more sensitive characteristics of the cross section to the boundary of the formation. In order to realize the optimization design of the related parameters of the azimuth drilling electromagnetic transmission instrument (including the coil distance, the working frequency, the inclination of the tilted coil system, etc.), and provide a reliable theory for the interpretation and inversion of the electromagnetic data of the drilled. According to the structure characteristics of the electromagnetic propagation logging tool with the drilling azimuth, the three-dimensional numerical simulation algorithm and software matching with the drilling azimuth electromagnetic propagation logging technology are established on the basis of the field vector potential and the potential coupling potential equation in the cylindrical coordinate system, and the response characteristics are investigated in detail. The main contents are as follows: In the first chapter, the development of the electrical logging tool and the background and significance of the azimuth drilling electromagnetic logging are briefly introduced. The analytical, semi analytical and several numerical simulation algorithms in the numerical simulation of electrical logging are reviewed, and their advantages and disadvantages are analyzed and summarized. Finally, the main contents and innovation points of this paper are stated. The second chapter, the root of this paper, is the root of the paper. According to the typical coil structure and electromagnetic superposition principle of azimuth drilling electromagnetic logging instrument, by introducing the electric dipole Green function in the fully anisotropic formation, the calculation formula of the electric field of the tilted launching coil and the induction electromotive force on the inclined receiving coil is given, and the number of electromagnetic fields is overcome by the mixed potential of the electric field (vector potential and the potential). According to the characteristics of the cylindrical drill collar, the Lebedev mesh generation method in cylindrical coordinate system is established to improve the efficiency of numerical simulation, namely, the gradual grid in the direction of Z, the direction of the equidistance grid and the periodic problem of the electromagnetic field in the cylindrical coordinate system by the extension virtual point technology. By using the standard homogenization technique, the equivalent conductivity of the control unit is calculated to improve the discrete precision on the heterogeneous grid. On this basis, the three-dimensional finite volume method in the cylindrical coordinate system is applied to further deduce the discrete method of the vector potential and the standard potential Helmholtz equation and the current source, and get a staggered grid node under a cylindrical coordinate system. The large sparse equations of the electric field coupling potential are used to solve large algebraic equations by using the two methods of incomplete LU decomposition (ILUT) preconditioning and stable dual conjugate gradient (Bi CGSTAB) iterative method and Pardiso parallel direct solution. Finally, the reliability of the algorithm is tested by numerical results. The third chapter discusses the launching coils in detail. Two approximate methods: superposition electric dipole and superimposed magnetic dipole, and comparison of the response of the instrument in the two approximate cases. The numerical results show that the log response of the emitter coil is more accurate, no matter whether the transmitting coil and the receiving coil are inclined or not. In the case of keeping an axial, or a small drill collar, the log response of a superimposed magnetic dipole is approximated by a superimposed magnetic dipole. Finally, the conclusion is that in the numerical simulation of the logging response of the azimuth logging instrument, the fourth chapter is used to simulate the launching coils. The three-dimensional numerical simulation software established by the finite volume method in the standard system is used to investigate the oblique azimuth with the drill coil system (axial transceiver coil, axial transmitting and tilting receiving coils, inclined launching and axial receiving coils, three coils or four coil measuring modes formed by the tilted transceiver coils), and the rotation angle of the drill collar is fixed and the drill pipe is fixed. As a contrast, the electromagnetic response of the coplanar azimuth coil system (three coils, four coils combined) in the continuous rotation of the drill collar is also investigated. Under the condition of fixed rotation angle of the drill collar, the electrical conductivity of the mud slurry in the borehole is in the direction of the axial transmission line (axial transmission line). The influence of the ring, the axial and the inclined receiving coils, the tilted and the axial receiving coils will be very small. The influence of the mud resistivity on the response of the slant receiving and receiving coil is obviously larger, and the amplitude ratio and the phase difference curve will appear obvious "horns" in the vicinity of the layer boundary due to the charge of the accumulation surface. In the well, with the increase of the angle of the borehole, both the axial and the inclined coils, the borehole mud has a great influence on the log response, and the well mud has a greater impact on the response of the fully inclined transceiver system. The three coil system will lead to the overall deviation of the log response and the four coil system has a symmetrical coil system. Therefore, the logging response of the four coil system is more accurate to the location of the reaction layer boundary. In the case of continuous rotation of the drill collar, the amplitude ratio and phase difference vary with the azimuth angle and are symmetrical at 180 degrees in homogeneous anisotropic formation, and the influence of the angle change on the logging response will be greater when the well angle is increased. One of the main functions of the electromagnetic logging tool is that it has strong edge detection ability to achieve the purpose of real-time geological navigation. In order to compare the edge detection ability of different structural instruments, the instruments of different structures are inclined through the upper and lower symmetrical three layer formation model to investigate the response characteristics to the layer boundary, different depth points and different instruments. The three-dimensional diagram of the instrument response in the azimuth angle shows that the coil offset will lead to the single side instrument in the layer boundary, and the output position is distinctly different, and the amplitude ratio and the phase difference in the symmetrical formation model are asymmetric. The amplitude ratio and the phase difference response are also almost symmetrical. In addition, when the working frequency is reduced, the amplitude is relatively smaller than the response and the phase difference response. This shows that the lower the working frequency, the smaller the influence of the coil azimuth to the electromagnetic logging. Compared with the inclining coil system, the horizontal coils system is used for the layer boundary. The fifth chapter summarizes the whole paper and looks forward to the next step.
【學位授予單位】：吉林大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：O241.82;O441

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