本文選題：無(wú)線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò) + 非視距通信　； 參考：《蘭州交通大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：近年來(lái),無(wú)線技術(shù)和傳感器技術(shù)得到了空前發(fā)展,人們對(duì)相關(guān)技術(shù)的需求日益高漲,一種新型無(wú)線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)橫空出世。該技術(shù)借由傳感器節(jié)點(diǎn)造價(jià)低廉、體積小巧、易于部署等特性,被廣泛應(yīng)用于軍事、工業(yè)、農(nóng)業(yè)、畜牧業(yè)、智能家居、智慧城市等多個(gè)領(lǐng)域。盡管這些應(yīng)用囊括了各行各業(yè)且各具特點(diǎn),但它們具有一個(gè)共同點(diǎn),即需要傳感器節(jié)點(diǎn)的位置信息。若缺少了傳感器節(jié)點(diǎn)的位置信息,那么系統(tǒng)獲取的一切信息都失去了意義。因而獲取節(jié)點(diǎn)位置信息的方式尤為重要。長(zhǎng)久以來(lái),對(duì)傳感器位置信息的獲取都是通過(guò)GPS定位裝置完成的。我們知道,應(yīng)用GPS裝置需要消耗大量資金,這并不符合我們對(duì)傳感器節(jié)點(diǎn)廉價(jià)的要求。因此,如何控制可定位傳感器節(jié)點(diǎn)的成本問(wèn)題是目前的熱點(diǎn)話題眾多研發(fā)機(jī)構(gòu)都致力于開(kāi)發(fā)一種新型傳感器節(jié)點(diǎn)位置信息獲取技術(shù),目前依靠無(wú)線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)自身進(jìn)行定位的方式頗受青睞。該技術(shù)的特別之處在于,只需運(yùn)用節(jié)點(diǎn)間的通信信息,采取特殊算法即可確定節(jié)點(diǎn)位置,從而完成定位。本文分別介紹了傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)定位技術(shù)的相關(guān)概念、幾種定位算法及發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀,借此分析目前該技術(shù)存在的問(wèn)題,并提出改進(jìn)方案。(1)輔助定位節(jié)點(diǎn)(錨節(jié)點(diǎn))自定位,在傳統(tǒng)的無(wú)線傳感器定位系統(tǒng)中,對(duì)于目標(biāo)節(jié)點(diǎn)(標(biāo)簽節(jié)點(diǎn))的定位往往需要借助大量輔助定位節(jié)點(diǎn)(錨節(jié)點(diǎn))來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)。但錨節(jié)點(diǎn)的位置信息的獲取具有兩種方式,即通過(guò)GPS定位裝置獲取或人工測(cè)量,而這兩種方式的缺點(diǎn)是成本過(guò)高和定位精度受人工影響大。同時(shí),當(dāng)系統(tǒng)處于室內(nèi)環(huán)境中時(shí),由于GPS定位精度大大下降,因此可能出現(xiàn)無(wú)法定位的情況,這都是目前所面臨的問(wèn)題。為了解決這一問(wèn)題,本文設(shè)計(jì)提出了錨節(jié)點(diǎn)自定位算法。該算法的核心在于,綜合系統(tǒng)已知和可以獲取的信息來(lái)對(duì)未知錨節(jié)點(diǎn)進(jìn)行定位工作,其中系統(tǒng)已知信息是部分錨節(jié)點(diǎn)已知的位置信息,可獲取的信息為信息到達(dá)時(shí)間信息和角度信息。借此大大減少了系統(tǒng)需求初始位置信息已知的錨節(jié)點(diǎn)數(shù)目,在對(duì)系統(tǒng)定位精度影響較小的情況下,降低了系統(tǒng)成本,提升了系統(tǒng)適用范圍。(2)傳感器節(jié)點(diǎn)非視距通信。當(dāng)無(wú)線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)應(yīng)用在室內(nèi)環(huán)境或城市中時(shí),往往會(huì)出現(xiàn)一類問(wèn)題,即傳感器節(jié)點(diǎn)間信息的傳遞會(huì)受到障礙物阻擋,導(dǎo)致系統(tǒng)無(wú)法進(jìn)行視距通信。這類問(wèn)題的直接后果是會(huì)使我們通過(guò)定位節(jié)點(diǎn)得到的信息出現(xiàn)較大偏差,降低系統(tǒng)定位性能。針對(duì)此類問(wèn)題,本文提出非視距鑒別算法。算法利用非視距使得部分信息出現(xiàn)較大改變這一特性,從系統(tǒng)中鑒別出無(wú)法視距通信的節(jié)點(diǎn),并在定位時(shí)去除該節(jié)點(diǎn),從而消除非視距問(wèn)題對(duì)系統(tǒng)定位性能的影響。(3)基于到達(dá)時(shí)間差的定位算法復(fù)雜度高及系統(tǒng)功耗過(guò)高的問(wèn)題。運(yùn)用傳統(tǒng)的TDOA定位算法進(jìn)行定位時(shí),會(huì)遇到定位方程超定非線性問(wèn)題,此時(shí)需要運(yùn)用迭代法求解。而迭代法的運(yùn)用,除了提高算法復(fù)雜度外,也增加了系統(tǒng)功耗�；诖�,本文提出了混合TDOA與AOA的定位算法,結(jié)合TDOA與AOA信息,成功將求解迭代定位方程的問(wèn)題簡(jiǎn)化,成功降低了算法復(fù)雜度,減少了系統(tǒng)功耗。同時(shí),針對(duì)于系統(tǒng)功耗高的問(wèn)題,本文還提出了利用Zigbee協(xié)議代替?zhèn)鹘y(tǒng)的WiFi協(xié)議來(lái)開(kāi)發(fā)定位系統(tǒng),借此有效的降低了系統(tǒng)功耗,增加了系統(tǒng)壽命,提升了系統(tǒng)適用范圍。通過(guò)仿真分析和最終系統(tǒng)的實(shí)現(xiàn),證實(shí)了本文算法的有效性,也證明了本文思路的正確性。
[Abstract]:In recent years, wireless technology and sensor technology have been developing unprecedentedly, and the demand for related technologies is increasing. A new wireless sensor network technology has come out. This technology is widely used in military, industry, agriculture, animal husbandry and smart home, which is characterized by low cost, small size and easy deployment of sensor nodes. Although these applications include all walks of life and various characteristics, they have a common point, that is, the location information of the sensor nodes is needed. If the location information of the sensor nodes is missing, all the information obtained by the system is meaningless. Thus, the way to obtain the location information of the node is particularly heavy. For a long time, the acquisition of sensor location information is accomplished through the GPS positioning device. We know that the application of GPS devices requires a large amount of money, which does not conform to the cheap requirements for sensor nodes. Therefore, how to control the cost of locable sensor nodes is a hot topic of research and development institutions at present. To develop a new location information acquisition technology for sensor nodes, it is very popular to rely on the wireless sensor network itself for positioning. The special feature of this technology is that the location of nodes can be determined by using the communication information between nodes, and the location of nodes can be determined by special algorithms. The related concepts of the network positioning technology, several positioning algorithms and the development status, to analyze the problems existing in the present technology and propose an improved scheme. (1) the self positioning of the auxiliary positioning node (anchor node), in the traditional wireless sensor positioning system, the location of the target node (tag node) often needs a large number of auxiliary positioning. There are two ways to obtain the location information of the anchor nodes, namely, through the GPS positioning device or manual measurement, and the disadvantages of the two methods are high cost and high positioning accuracy. At the same time, when the system is in the indoor environment, the positioning accuracy of the GPS is greatly reduced, so it may appear. In order to solve this problem, in order to solve this problem, a self positioning algorithm of anchor nodes is proposed in this paper. The core of this algorithm is that the information of the integrated system is known and can be obtained to locate the unknown anchor nodes, and the known information is the known location information of some anchor nodes. The available information is the information of the arrival time and the angle of information. This greatly reduces the number of anchor nodes known in the initial position information of the system, reduces the system cost and improves the application scope of the system when it has little influence on the positioning accuracy of the system. (2) the sensor node is non sight distance communication. When used in the indoor environment or in the city, there is often a kind of problem, that is, the transmission of information between sensor nodes will be blocked by the obstacle, which leads to the system unable to carry out the sight distance communication. The direct consequence of this kind of problem is that the information that we get through the location node will be large deviation and reduce the system location performance. For such problems, In this paper, a non sight distance identification algorithm is proposed. The algorithm uses the non sight distance to make a large change in the partial information, and identifies the nodes that can not be seen in the sight distance from the system, and removes the node in the location, thus eliminating the influence of the non sight distance on the system location performance. (3) the location algorithm based on the time difference of arrival time is highly complex and the system has a high degree of complexity. The problem of high power consumption is that when using the traditional TDOA positioning algorithm, the problem of the location equation overdetermined nonlinear will be encountered, and the iterative method is needed at this time. In addition to improving the complexity of the algorithm, the application of the iterative method also increases the power consumption of the system. Based on this, this paper proposes a positioning algorithm of mixed TDOA and AOA, combined with TDOA and AO. A information has succeeded in simplifying the problem of solving iterative location equations, reducing the complexity of the algorithm and reducing the power consumption of the system. At the same time, in view of the problem of high system power consumption, this paper also proposed the use of the Zigbee protocol instead of the traditional WiFi protocol to develop the positioning system, which can effectively reduce the power consumption of the system, increase the life of the system, and improve the system life. The validity of the algorithm is verified by simulation analysis and the realization of the final system. It also proves the correctness of the thought in this paper.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：蘭州交通大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：TN92;TP212.9

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