本文選題：無線傳感器網(wǎng)絡　切入點：能量有效性　出處：《山東師范大學》2014年博士論文　論文類型：學位論文

【摘要】：無線傳感器網(wǎng)絡（Wireless Sensor Networks， WSNs）的路由算法與傳統(tǒng)網(wǎng)絡不同，，不但要完成從源節(jié)點到目的節(jié)點的路由發(fā)現(xiàn)，還負責組織整個網(wǎng)絡的節(jié)點激活到路由維持以及數(shù)據(jù)傳輸各個方面的工作，是推廣WSNs應用，提升網(wǎng)絡效率的重要方法，也是目前WSNs領(lǐng)域的研究熱點。能量有效性是WSNs體系中衡量路由算法的重要指標，因為在無線傳感器網(wǎng)絡中，傳感節(jié)點都是由片上電池供電，能源受限，因此如何最大限度的利用這些能源使之發(fā)揮最大效果，成為提升網(wǎng)路性能的關(guān)鍵；而現(xiàn)有的對改善能量有效性的研究有很多，有的只注重在路由發(fā)現(xiàn)與維持階段的性能提升，有的著眼于快速高效的發(fā)現(xiàn)節(jié)點，有的則側(cè)重于減少冗余數(shù)據(jù)的傳輸；很少有研究從整個網(wǎng)絡層出發(fā)，利用路由算法全面的提升能量有效性。 本文從WSNs激活階段、路由發(fā)現(xiàn)階段到信息穩(wěn)定傳輸階段，針對不同階段的特點做出全面的分析，對節(jié)點的位置發(fā)現(xiàn)、路由路徑的建立與更新、數(shù)據(jù)融合等算法進行了研究，將路由各個階段的算法整合，全面提升網(wǎng)絡的能量有效性。在研究過程中進行了以下創(chuàng)新： 1.論文完成了通用的WSNs網(wǎng)絡模型的定義。通過對網(wǎng)路模型的分析，發(fā)現(xiàn)現(xiàn)有的面向WSNs的研究大都存在節(jié)點功能過強，結(jié)構(gòu)不靈活，面向具體應用設計的問題，進而導致基于這些模型研究的算法通用性較差；基于這一情況，提出了面向標準化應用的無線傳感器網(wǎng)絡模型定義。本文對模型中節(jié)點的功能盡量弱化，網(wǎng)絡的結(jié)構(gòu)不加限制，更加靈活，明確軟件協(xié)議與節(jié)點硬件的功能界限：在網(wǎng)絡中不設置錨點，傳感節(jié)點不具備定位能力，節(jié)點隨機部署，節(jié)點間的坐標系不統(tǒng)一，初始狀態(tài)完全一致，節(jié)點的信道沖突由MAC協(xié)議完成，片上系統(tǒng)能夠確定信號發(fā)射能量。 2.提出了高效無錨點的節(jié)點快速定位算法。這一部分的工作是將網(wǎng)絡中隨機部署的傳感節(jié)點進行激活，并幫助這些節(jié)點進行定位。包括兩部分內(nèi)容，一是利用剛性圖理論，將網(wǎng)絡的結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換為圖的全局剛性判斷問題，證明定位算法的可行性，并提出算法的先決條件；二是設計從sink節(jié)點出發(fā)，不需借助錨點，利用無線信道信號衰減公式和角度測量器的方法獲得相鄰節(jié)點間的距離與角度信息，然后在滿足剛性圖限制的情況下，進行全網(wǎng)節(jié)點的發(fā)現(xiàn)與定位。在定位準確的前提下，信息傳輸次數(shù)少，除sink節(jié)點外沒有大規(guī)模廣播操作，大大降低了初始化階段的能耗。 3.在節(jié)點定位獲得的位置信息基礎(chǔ)上，提出了能量有效的分層路由算法。先是在已有的聚簇算法中引入了節(jié)點剩余能量因素，設計了能量相關(guān)的HAC聚簇算法；在此基礎(chǔ)上設計了半靜態(tài)的分層路由算法，即先對所有傳感節(jié)點進行聚簇，在形成的簇內(nèi)根據(jù)能量狀態(tài)和通信代價選舉簇頭，進行簇頭輪換時，不必重新聚簇，而是在簇內(nèi)重新選擇合適的節(jié)點充當簇頭，當存在簇內(nèi)節(jié)點能量消耗過大的情況時，進行全局的重新聚簇；設計了特殊的數(shù)據(jù)包格式和簇內(nèi)節(jié)點的管理鏈表，在信息傳遞的同時利用數(shù)據(jù)包更新節(jié)點鏈表信息，保證了節(jié)點能量信息的實時性和準確性，并且對節(jié)點的異常情況可以及時發(fā)現(xiàn)。經(jīng)過理論證明和實驗模擬，算法有效的解決了無線傳感器網(wǎng)絡路由算法中的“熱點問題”和“能量洞”問題，具有良好的能量有效性。 4.在分層路由算法的結(jié)構(gòu)基礎(chǔ)上，提出了高效的數(shù)據(jù)融合算法。提高信息過濾效率主要通過優(yōu)化設置過濾點和選擇高效的信息過濾模式實現(xiàn)。論文首先對信息過濾方式進行改進，將基于等待的過濾方式改為基于隊列的方式，在過濾點設置動態(tài)隊列，存儲最近轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)的信息，每次有新的信息到來將與隊列中的信息比較判斷，并且不斷更新隊列信息；而隊列的設置采用彈性機制，即信息轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)密度大的區(qū)域?qū)⒆詣蛹娱L隊列，反之將減少隊列長度；過濾點放置在分層路由時形成的簇頭節(jié)點上，并根據(jù)簇頭到sink的距離反比設置初始隊列長度。與基于等待方式相比，隊列的方式可以保證信息傳輸?shù)膶崟r性，而彈性的隊列長度減輕了節(jié)點的存儲壓力，同時信息過濾的準確性和完備性也大大提高，從而減少了冗余數(shù)據(jù)的發(fā)送，節(jié)省了網(wǎng)絡能耗。 雖然本文研究了三個不同的算法，分別對應于WSNs路由的三個階段，但是這些算法都是為了提升網(wǎng)絡的能量有效性，延長網(wǎng)絡生命周期，可以將三個算法整合為一個整體：節(jié)點定位算法是第一部分，算法的輸入是隨機部署在傳感區(qū)域內(nèi)的大量未知節(jié)點，輸出是已經(jīng)激活、已知自己與鄰居節(jié)點準確位置的節(jié)點集合；第二部分是路由算法，輸入是已知位置的節(jié)點集合，輸出是聚簇完成，簇頭選舉完畢，可以進行信息傳輸?shù)木W(wǎng)絡結(jié)構(gòu)；第三步部分是數(shù)據(jù)融合算法，輸入是可以路由的節(jié)點集合以及感應到的信息，輸出是最終發(fā)送到sink節(jié)點的信息。 綜上所述，本文對WSNs的路由算法進行了全面的分析，從網(wǎng)絡部署后的各個階段入手，針對路由中不同階段的特點，分別分析了提升能量有效性所需要解決的問題，為每個階段設計了高效的算法，并且將算法進行了整合，全面提升了WSNs網(wǎng)絡層的性能，并且利用方針實驗和理論證明驗證了論文研究的有效性和先進性。
[Abstract]:Wireless sensor network (Wireless Sensor Networks WSNs) routing algorithm is different from the traditional network, not only to be found from the source node to the destination node routing node, is also responsible for the organization of the whole network to maintain routing and activation of the data transmission in various aspects, is to promote the application of WSNs, an important method to improve network efficiency, is currently a hot research field of WSNs. Energy efficiency is an important index to measure the routing algorithm in WSNs system, because in wireless sensor networks, sensor nodes are battery powered by on-chip, energy is limited, so how to maximize the use of these energy to maximize the effect, become the key to enhance the performance of network; and a lot of research on the effectiveness of improving the existing energy, some focus on discovery and maintenance stage performance in routing, some focus on finding efficient Nodes, some focus on reducing the transmission of redundant data; few studies start from the entire network layer and use routing algorithms to improve energy efficiency.
This article from the WSNs activation stage, the route discovery stage to the stage of stable transmission of information, make a comprehensive analysis on the characteristics of different stages, found on the position of the node, establish and update the routing path, data fusion algorithm is studied, the calculation method of integration in various stages of routing, to enhance the energy efficiency of the network. The following innovations in the research process:
1. the definition of WSNs in general network model. Through the analysis of the network model, the research found that WSNs for most existing node function is too strong, the structure is not flexible, application specific design problems, which led to the model of general algorithm is based on; based on this situation, put forward wireless sensor network model definition oriented standard applications. The function of the node in the model to weaken, the structure of the network without restriction, more flexible, clear boundaries in agreement with the software function: node hardware in the network does not set the anchor point, sensor nodes do not have the ability to localize the nodes are randomly deployed, inter node coordinates the Department is not unified, the initial state is completely consistent, channel conflict node by MAC protocol, system on chip can determine the energy of AE signals.
2. this paper proposes fast location algorithm, anchor free. This part of work is the sensor nodes are randomly deployed in the network to activate, and help the node location. Includes two parts, one is the use of rigid graph theory, converting the network structure for global rigid graph to determine the problem, prove the feasibility of positioning in the algorithm, a prerequisite and algorithm design; two is starting from the sink node, without using anchor method and the attenuation formula of angle measuring device using wireless channel signal to obtain the distance and angle between adjacent nodes information, and then to meet the rigid graph limit, and locate network node in the premise of discovery. The accurate positioning of the information transmission, less number, in addition to sink node no large-scale broadcast operation, greatly reduces the energy consumption of the initialization phase.
3. based on position information of node localization, proposed energy efficient routing algorithm. The first is the node residual energy factor is introduced in the clustering algorithm in the design of energy related HAC clustering algorithm; on the basis of the design of the hierarchical routing algorithm of semi static, first of all. The node of the cluster, in the formation of clusters according to the energy state and the communication cost for cluster head election, cluster head rotation, without re clustering, but within the cluster, re select the appropriate node as a cluster head node in the cluster, when energy consumption is too large when the global re cluster design; special data packet format and the cluster nodes management list, in the information transmission and the data packet to update the list node information, to ensure the timeliness and accuracy of the node energy information, and the nodes of the abnormal situation It can be found in time. After theoretical proof and experimental simulation, the algorithm effectively solves the "hot issues" and "energy hole" problems in routing algorithm of wireless sensor network, and has good energy efficiency.
4. in the hierarchical routing algorithm on the basis of the structure proposed efficient data fusion algorithm. In order to improve the efficiency of information filtering mainly through information filtering and filtering mode optimization. Firstly, selection of information filtering method. The filtering method based on waiting to queue based on dynamic queue in the filter settings recently, storage forwarding information, every time a new arrival will determine the information compared with the queue information, and constantly update the queue information; and queue settings using the elastic mechanism, namely information forwarding density of large area will be automatically extended queue, and will reduce the queue length; filter placement of cluster head nodes formed in the the hierarchical routing, and according to the cluster head to sink inverse distance. Compared with the initial set of queue length based on queue waiting mode, the method can guarantee the information transmission The real-time queue length reduces the storage pressure of nodes, and improves the accuracy and completeness of information filtering, thus reducing redundant data transmission and saving network energy consumption.
Although this paper studies three different algorithms, three stages correspond to WSNs routing, but all of these algorithms is to improve network energy efficiency and prolong the network life cycle, the three algorithms are integrated as a whole: node localization algorithm is the first part of the input of the algorithm is in random deployment. The sensing area of the unknown node, the output is activated, and their neighbors the exact location of the known node set; the second part is the routing algorithm, the input is a collection of nodes with known locations, the output is the cluster, the cluster head election is completed, the network structure can transmit information; the third step is the data fusion algorithm the input is, routing nodes and information can be sensed, the output is finally sent to the sink node information.
In summary, the routing algorithm of WSNs comprehensive analysis, starting from the various stages of the network deployment, according to the characteristics of different stages in the routing are analyzed, enhance the effectiveness of energy needed to solve the problem, the design of efficient algorithms for each phase, and the algorithm for the integration, improve the overall performance the WSNs network layer, and the proof of principle experiment and theory to verify the effectiveness and advance of the research.

【學位授予單位】：山東師范大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2014
【分類號】：TP212.9;TN929.5

【引證文獻】

相關(guān)碩士學位論文 前1條

1 孫文君;無線傳感器網(wǎng)絡中vMIMO路由的能量有效性研究[D];中國科學技術(shù)大學;2015年

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