【摘要】：量子力學的建立不僅奠定了當代科學的基礎,而且在推動當代技術革命方面取得了驚人的成功。然而,對于量子力學詮釋(interpretation of quantum mechanics)——理解波函數(shù)如何刻畫微觀世界,人們迄今為止并未形成共識。量子力學發(fā)展的這種二元狀態(tài)不僅帶來了認識論方面的誤導,而且依據備受爭議的哥本哈根詮釋建立起來的量子技術會有許多根本性問題。量子力學的哥本哈根詮釋存在二元結構的問題:微觀世界的運動用量子力學描述,是一個幺正演化,而觀察或測量卻依賴于量子系統(tǒng)外部的經典世界(儀器、觀察者、環(huán)境),表現(xiàn)出來的波包塌縮是非幺正的。為此,包括愛因斯坦、薛定諤、溫伯格等在內的一些著名學者對哥本哈根詮釋提出了尖銳的批評。80年過去了,為克服量子力學的哥本哈根詮釋二元論困境,人們提出各種各樣的量子力學詮釋,包括多世界詮釋、量子退相干詮釋、自洽歷史詮釋以及量子達爾文主義等。文章將簡要介紹和評述這些量子力學詮釋的基本思想、它們之間的邏輯關系及其實驗檢驗的可能性。進一步澄清量子力學詮釋中的基本概念,可以避免量子觀念濫用導致的意識論上的問題和量子技術發(fā)展誤入歧途。
[Abstract]:The establishment of quantum mechanics not only laid the foundation of contemporary science, but also achieved remarkable success in promoting the contemporary technological revolution. However, there is no consensus on how quantum mechanics interprets (interpretation of quantum mechanics)-how wave functions depict the microcosm. This dual state of quantum mechanics not only leads to the misdirection of epistemology, but also has many fundamental problems in the quantum technology based on the controversial interpretation of Copenhagen. The Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics has the problem of dualistic structure: the movement of the micro-world is described by quantum mechanics and is a unitary evolution, while observation or measurement depends on the classical world (instrumentation, observer) outside the quantum system. Environment), showing that the wave packet collapse is not unitary. For this reason, some famous scholars, including Einstein, Schrodinger, Weinberg, and so on, have made sharp criticisms of the Copenhagen interpretation. 80 years later, in order to overcome the dualism dilemma of Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics, Various interpretations of quantum mechanics have been proposed, including multi-world interpretation, quantum decoherence interpretation, self-consistent historical interpretation and quantum Darwinism. This paper will briefly introduce and comment on the basic ideas of these interpretations of quantum mechanics, the logical relations between them and the possibility of experimental examination. Further clarification of the basic concepts in the interpretation of quantum mechanics can avoid the problem of consciousness caused by the abuse of quantum concepts and the misguided development of quantum technology.
【作者單位】： 中國工程物理研究院研究生院;北京計算科學研究中心;
【基金】：國家自然科學基金創(chuàng)新研究群體(批準號:11421063)資助項目 NSAF基金-科學研究中心項目(面向重大需求的理論物理研究)
【分類號】：O413.1

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