本文選題：霾 + CALIPSO衛(wèi)星��； 參考：《浙江大學(xué)》2014年碩士論文

【摘要】：隨著我國經(jīng)濟發(fā)展和城市化進程的推進,低能見度天氣已成為當前國內(nèi)眾多城市面臨的重要環(huán)境問題,霾也由原來的天氣狀態(tài)升級為一種污染現(xiàn)象。目前對于霾的觀測主要依賴于地面觀測站點和光學(xué)遙感提供空氣質(zhì)量與霾污染范圍,而對霾天大氣氣溶膠垂直分布的探測相對較少。美國國家航空航天局(NASA)和法國國家航天中心(CNES)2006年發(fā)射的“云-氣溶膠激光雷達紅外開拓者(Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations,CALIPSO)"衛(wèi)星提供了較高垂直分辨率和測量精度的全球云和氣溶膠觀測數(shù)據(jù),為研究霾過程中大氣氣溶膠的垂直分布特征提供了有效監(jiān)測手段。 本文根據(jù)杭州地區(qū)7個常規(guī)氣象站氣象資料、空氣污染指數(shù)資料等實測資料,按照《霾的觀測和預(yù)報等級(QX/T113-2010)》標準整理研究了杭州市霾天氣的歷史演變情況及其季節(jié)變化和月變化特征；并利用星載激光雷達數(shù)據(jù)分析了杭州市區(qū)無霾與不同程度霾天的大氣垂直結(jié)構(gòu)特征,得到基于星載激光雷達探測城市霾的方法。研究工作主要有以下4個結(jié)論： (1)杭州市霾天氣時間演變特征： 1951年-2010年杭州市霾天數(shù)歷史演變過程可分為3個階段：1951-1964年的環(huán)境恢復(fù)期,1965-1975年的穩(wěn)定期和1975年后的霾天天數(shù)快速增長期。霾天天數(shù)的季節(jié)變化特征為：冬季春秋夏季,這主要是受到杭州市氣候條件的影響。霾天數(shù)的月變化特征為：1月和12月最容易發(fā)生霾過程,7月份霾多年平均發(fā)生次數(shù)相對最少。 (2)杭州市區(qū)大氣垂直分布特征： 隨著高度的上升,大氣后向散射系數(shù)、體積退偏振比和色比等光學(xué)參數(shù)的取值減小,氣溶膠的不規(guī)則性減弱。各高度層中光學(xué)參數(shù)隨著其值的增加出現(xiàn)頻率降低。0-2km高度層內(nèi)大氣散射能力強于其他高度空間,532nm后向散射系數(shù)峰值主要在0.0008-0.0025km-1·sr-1范圍內(nèi)；體積退偏振比以0-15%為主；色比頻率隨著取值的增大呈現(xiàn)先增大后減小的變化規(guī)律,頻率峰值出現(xiàn)在0.4-1.0之間。 氣溶膠具有吸濕性,濕霾天氣時氣溶膠吸濕后下沉,邊界層散射強度減弱,以中等粒徑且表面規(guī)則的氣溶膠顆粒物為主。中層由于氣溶膠顆粒物吸濕后表面較為且則粒徑增大,散射能力增強。高層空間由于空氣相對干燥,干霾和濕霾時大氣結(jié)構(gòu)變化較小。比較不同程度霾過程,輕度霾時以較規(guī)則的細粒子氣溶膠為主,中度霾時以規(guī)則的粗粒子氣溶膠為主,重度霾時以不規(guī)則細粒子氣溶膠為主。 (3)利用CALIOP激光雷達數(shù)據(jù)進行杭州市區(qū)霾探測研究： 根據(jù)三個參數(shù)的F檢驗結(jié)果,結(jié)合不同天氣過程時市區(qū)大氣參數(shù)的垂直分布特征,利用0.5-1.2km高度層內(nèi)的光學(xué)參數(shù)對霾過程進行判識。SPSS判別運算結(jié)果表明,以VDR/BKS/COR(各高度依次排列)的組合方式建立判別函數(shù)可以有效的區(qū)分無霾與霾天。根據(jù)修正后的消光系數(shù)計算垂直能見度,進而得到霾層厚度,有利于加深對霾過程氣溶膠分布的正確認識。 (4)杭州市區(qū)霾源分析： 結(jié)合地面氣象資料、主要大氣污染物質(zhì)量濃度情況與CALIOP激光雷達數(shù)據(jù),對2013年1月26日霾過程進行案例分析。結(jié)果表明,當日霾層厚度在1km左右,污染物主要集中在近地面；霾天氣的發(fā)生,除了受到靜風、逆溫以及連續(xù)多日無降水等氣象影響外。汽車尾氣等本地污染物的不斷積累也為霾的產(chǎn)生提供了有利條件。HYSPLIT軌跡反演結(jié)果表明氣流傳輸帶來的外部污染物在一定程度上降低了大氣能見度,促進了霾天氣的出現(xiàn)。因此對于霾的控制與治理不但需要控制本地污染物的產(chǎn)生和排放,區(qū)域聯(lián)合治理也是重要控制手段。
[Abstract]:With the development of China's economy and the progress of urbanization, low visibility weather has become an important environmental problem in many cities in China. Haze has also been upgraded from the original weather condition to a pollution phenomenon. The current observation of haze mainly depends on the ground observation stations and optical remote sensing to provide air quality and haze pollution range. The detection of atmospheric aerosol vertical distribution in haze days is relatively small. The "cloud aerosol laser radar infrared Blazers (Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations, CALIPSO)" launched by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the National Space Center of France (CNES) in 2006 provides higher vertical resolution. The global cloud and aerosol observation data of the measurement accuracy provide an effective monitoring means for studying the vertical distribution characteristics of atmospheric aerosols in haze process.
Based on the meteorological data of 7 conventional meteorological stations in Hangzhou and the data of the air pollution index, the historical evolution of haze weather in Hangzhou and the seasonal and monthly changes of haze weather in Hangzhou are studied according to the haze observation and prediction grade (QX/T113-2010) standard, and the Hangzhou urban area is analyzed by the satellite borne lidar data. Based on the atmospheric vertical structure characteristics of haze and haze days, the method of detecting Urban Haze based on spaceborne lidar is obtained. The following 4 conclusions are drawn:
(1) the characteristics of the time evolution of haze weather in Hangzhou City:
The historical evolution process of haze days in Hangzhou in 1951 can be divided into 3 stages: the environmental recovery period of 1951-1964 years, the stable period of 1965-1975 years and the rapid growth period of the haze day days after 1975. The seasonal changes of the days of haze days are: winter spring and autumn summer, this is mainly influenced by the climate conditions of Hangzhou. The characteristics are: haze processes are most likely to occur in January and December, and the average annual occurrence of haze in July is the least.
(2) the characteristics of atmospheric vertical distribution in Hangzhou City:
As the height increases, the values of the atmospheric backscattering coefficient, the volume depolarization ratio and the color ratio are reduced, and the irregularity of the aerosol is weakened. The optical parameters in the height layers decrease with their values and the atmospheric scattering ability in the.0-2km height layer is stronger than that in his high altitude, and the peak backscattering coefficient of the 532nm is the main peak. In the range of 0.0008-0.0025km-1 SR-1, the volume depolarization ratio is mainly 0-15%, and the frequency of color ratio increases first and then decreases with the increase of value, and the peak frequency occurs between 0.4-1.0.
The aerosol is hygroscopic, the aerosol is wet after wet haze, the scattering intensity of the boundary layer is weakened, and the medium particle size and surface rule aerosol particles are the main. The middle layer is larger and the particle size increases after the aerosol particles are hygroscopic and the scattering ability is enhanced. The high rise space is due to the dry air, dry haze and haze. The change of gas structure is small. Compared to different degree haze process, the regular fine aerosol aerosol is the main type of light haze, and the regular coarse particle aerosol is the dominant aerosol in moderate haze, and the heavy haze is dominated by irregular fine particle aerosol.
(3) using CALIOP lidar data to detect haze in Hangzhou:
According to the results of the F test of three parameters and the vertical distribution characteristics of the urban atmospheric parameters in different weather processes, the result of identifying the haze process by the optical parameters in the 0.5-1.2km height layer shows that the discriminant function of the combination mode of VDR/BKS/COR (each height arranged in order) can effectively distinguish the haze from the haze. Based on the corrected extinction coefficient, the vertical visibility is obtained, and the thickness of the haze layer is obtained, which is helpful to deepen the correct understanding of the aerosol distribution in haze process.
(4) analysis of haze sources in Hangzhou City:
Based on the ground meteorological data, the mass concentration of air pollutants and the data of CALIOP lidar, the haze process in January 26, 2013 is analyzed. The results show that the thickness of the haze layer is around 1km, and the pollutants are mainly concentrated in the near ground, and the occurrence of haze weather is not only subjected to static wind, inversion, and no precipitation for many days. The continuous accumulation of local pollutants, such as automobile exhaust, also provides favorable conditions for the production of haze..HYSPLIT trajectory inversion results show that the external pollutants brought by the air flow can reduce the visibility of the atmosphere to a certain extent and promote the appearance of haze weather. Therefore, the control and control of haze not only need to control the local pollutants. Regional joint governance is also an important means of control.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：浙江大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號】：X831;TN958.98

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