本文選題：不正當(dāng)競爭　切入點：一般條款　出處：《南京大學(xué)》2013年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：在反不正當(dāng)競爭法中,一般條款占據(jù)著核心地位,是認定全部不正當(dāng)競爭行為的基礎(chǔ)。我國的司法機關(guān)利用《反不正當(dāng)競爭法》第二條認定了大量未被立法明確規(guī)定的不正當(dāng)競爭行為,是實質(zhì)上的一般條款。由于一般條款只提供了價值判斷的方向而未提供具體的認定標(biāo)準(zhǔn),需要法官在適用時加以補充,因此一般條款是授權(quán)法官“造法”的條款,而如何保障依抽象原則創(chuàng)造的判決規(guī)范具有客觀妥當(dāng)性,是本文探討的核心問題。依據(jù)一般條款認定不正當(dāng)競爭行為,要掌握兩個要件,一是行為人從事的是競爭行為,二是該行為不正當(dāng)。所謂競爭行為,就是爭取競爭優(yōu)勢的行為,而不正當(dāng)競爭行為,就是在爭取競爭優(yōu)勢的過程中違背了誠實信用原則,采用了不正當(dāng)?shù)氖侄巍８偁幮袨椤安徽?dāng)”,需要綜合衡量行為所采用的手段和所造成的損害后果兩個方面,這兩個方面呈現(xiàn)動態(tài)相關(guān)性,系統(tǒng)地對不正當(dāng)競爭行的判斷發(fā)生作用。競爭行為本身就會帶來此消彼漲的效果,增加自身的競爭優(yōu)勢,削弱競爭對手的優(yōu)勢是競爭的常態(tài),所以競爭行為給對手帶來損害是正常的,只有超出正常的損害才可能引起規(guī)制。一般說來,行為的不道德性越明顯,對造成損害的要求越低；而行為的不道德性越輕微,對損害的要求則相對增強,所以不正當(dāng)競爭是綜合判斷的結(jié)果。根據(jù)競爭者獲取競爭優(yōu)勢所采用的不正當(dāng)競爭手段的不同,一般條款可以類型化為不當(dāng)利用他人競爭優(yōu)勢、破壞他人競爭優(yōu)勢、不當(dāng)增長自身競爭優(yōu)勢三大類,再具體細分可分為八種不正當(dāng)競爭行為。不當(dāng)利用他人競爭優(yōu)勢是競爭者將他人的競爭優(yōu)勢通過不正當(dāng)手段無償轉(zhuǎn)移到自己身上,為自己獲取競爭利益的行為。在市場中,聲譽良好的商業(yè)標(biāo)識是能夠帶來競爭優(yōu)勢的經(jīng)營資本,一些經(jīng)營者不是通過自身的積累和努力,而是采用不勞而獲或搭便車的手段,模仿和利用他人的商業(yè)標(biāo)識,來獲取交易機會和競爭優(yōu)勢,就涉嫌不正當(dāng)競爭。除仿冒和利用他人的商業(yè)標(biāo)識外,還有無償利用他人的經(jīng)營成果,如未經(jīng)許可擅自使用他人不具有獨創(chuàng)性的數(shù)據(jù)庫,未申請專利的外觀設(shè)計等,均是利用他人競爭優(yōu)勢的不勞而獲行為。破壞他人的競爭優(yōu)勢是經(jīng)營者為了在競爭中勝出,通過干擾和破壞他人經(jīng)營的方式,削弱他人的競爭優(yōu)勢為自己在競爭中獲勝創(chuàng)造條件。這些行為包括干擾競爭對手的經(jīng)營、攔截對手的商業(yè)機會,對競爭對手進行不公正評價。干擾競爭對手在實踐中主要表現(xiàn)為：故意利用自己的軟件去攻擊競爭對手的軟件,使對手的軟件不能正常下載、安裝和使用；或通過一定的技術(shù)手段,在他人搜索引擎的搜索結(jié)果頁面上強行增加行為人設(shè)置的廣告鏈接,引導(dǎo)網(wǎng)絡(luò)用戶訪問被鏈網(wǎng)站；也有一些知識產(chǎn)權(quán)權(quán)利人濫用權(quán)利,惡意發(fā)函干擾他人的正常經(jīng)營。攔截對手的商業(yè)機會,是將競爭對手投入人力、物力等開發(fā)出來的較為穩(wěn)定的銷售渠道或客戶資源,通過不正當(dāng)手段奪取據(jù)為己有。不公正評價競爭者,是經(jīng)營者采用以偏蓋全的評價,暗示、聯(lián)想性的評價,不確定的評價來貶低競爭對手的商譽。這些破壞他人競爭優(yōu)勢的行為污染了競爭空氣,敗壞了商業(yè)氛圍,損害了競爭理念,應(yīng)當(dāng)通過一般條款予以規(guī)制。不正當(dāng)增加競爭優(yōu)勢主要是針對消費者從事的不正當(dāng)競爭行為。經(jīng)營者吸引顧客,獲取交易機會應(yīng)當(dāng)通過正當(dāng)?shù)匿N售手段,如果采用了對消費者進行誤導(dǎo)、壓迫、騷擾的手段進行促銷,誘捕顧客,是一種破壞競爭秩序、損害消費者利益的行為。在市場競爭中,經(jīng)營者如果違反國家為實現(xiàn)市場管理的功能所制定的各種管理性規(guī)范,可能因此獲得了比誠實守法的經(jīng)營者更多的競爭優(yōu)勢,此時違法行為也可能同時構(gòu)成不正當(dāng)競爭。本文考察了我國法院審理這些案件所采取的裁判規(guī)則,再通過法理分析、比較分析、經(jīng)濟分析等各種方法對實務(wù)中的規(guī)則進行檢討和評析,在此基礎(chǔ)上,總結(jié)出各個類型案件的適用條件,以作為同類案件裁判參考的依據(jù)。
[Abstract]:In the anti unfair competition law, general clause occupies a central position, is the foundation that all acts of unfair competition. The judicial organs of China by the "Anti Unfair Competition Law > second identified a lot is not clear legislative acts of unfair competition, is the essence of the general terms because of the general. Clause only provides value judgment direction without providing specific criteria, the judges need to be added when applicable, so the general terms" clause is the judge made law "authorized, and how to protect the judgment according to specification of abstract principle creation is the objective validity is the core issue of this paper. On the basis of general clause identification acts of unfair competition, to master the two elements, one is the behavior of people engaged in the competition, the two is the acts of unfair competition. The behavior is to gain the competitive advantage and the behavior of the acts of unfair competition That is in the process of obtaining the competitive advantage in violation of the principle of honesty and credit, by dishonest means. "Unfair" competition behavior, two aspects need to evaluate behavior by the means and the damage caused by the consequences of the two aspects of the dynamic correlation system of unfair competition for the judgment. Competition behavior itself will bring the fluctuation effect, increase their competitive advantage, competition advantage is weakening competition norm, so the competition behavior to damage the opponent is normal, just beyond the normal damage it may cause regulation. Generally speaking, the more obvious of immoral behavior the lower, cause damage to the requirements; and acts of immorality is more slightly, the damage is relatively increased, so the unfair competition is a comprehensive judgment of the results. According to the competitors to obtain competitive advantage Unfair competition means the different general terms can be typed into the improper use of others to destroy another competitive advantage, competitive advantage, competitive advantage of improper growth of three categories, then the specific segments can be divided into eight kinds of acts of unfair competition. The competitive advantage is the improper use of other competitors will the competitive advantage of the free transfer to others his body through improper means to obtain competitive interests for their own behavior. In the market, the good reputation of the commercial logo is able to bring the competitive advantage of business capital, some operators not through their own efforts and accumulation, but the unearned or hitchhike means of imitation and use the other commercial signs for trading the opportunity and competitive advantage, is suspected of unfair competition. In addition to counterfeiting and the use of other people's business logo, and free to use other people's operating results, such as without permission Can the unauthorized use of others is not original database, no patent for appearance design, all is the use of competitive advantage for others behavior. The destruction of others is the competitive advantage of operators in order to win in the competition, the interference and destruction of operating mode, weaken the competitive advantage of others and create conditions for their win in the competition these behaviors include competitors interference management, blocking off business opportunities for unfair competition. To evaluate competitors interference mainly in practice: the intentional use of their software to attack rival software, the rival software not download, install and use; or through certain technical means the search engine results page in others impose increased setting behavior of advertising links, guide users on the network to access the chain website there; Some of the owners of intellectual property rights abuse, malicious interference of others. The normal operation will intercept rival business opportunities, will rival investment in human and material resources, developed a more stable sales channels and customer resources, through improper means to win for themselves. Not fair evaluation is used to evaluate the competitors, operators, partial cover all that Lenovo of the evaluation, evaluation of uncertainty to belittle competitors goodwill. These destroy others' competitive advantage of competition of air pollution behavior, corrupt business atmosphere, harm competition concept, it should be regulated by the general clause. The improper increase competitive advantage is mainly aimed at consumers engaged in acts of unfair competition the operators to attract customers, obtain the transaction opportunity should be through the proper means of sales, if used to mislead consumers, oppression and harassment means For promotion, customer is a trap, destroy the competition order, damage the interests of the consumers. In the market competition, if the operator violates the state formulated in order to realize the market management function of various management norms, may thus be more honest than the operator's competitive advantage, this may also constitute violations unfair competition. This paper examines China's courts in these cases the referee rules, again through legal analysis, comparative analysis, economic analysis and other methods to conduct a review and comments on the practice of the rules, on this basis, summarizes the applicable conditions of various types of cases, as the basis of similar cases referee reference.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：南京大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號】：D922.294

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本文編號：1604653