【摘要】：濕地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)是自然界中最重要的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)之一,它是由水陸共同作用而形成的特殊生態(tài)系統(tǒng),濕地是最富生物多樣性、高生產(chǎn)力的陸地表層生態(tài)系統(tǒng),與森林、海洋一起并列為全球三大生態(tài)系統(tǒng)。水是濕地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中最重要的傳輸介質(zhì),對(duì)濕地的生物組成起著決定性的因素。水文過程帶動(dòng)著濕地中的物質(zhì)和能量的轉(zhuǎn)移,間接控制著濕地的形成與演化,同時(shí)也對(duì)濕地環(huán)境中的生物有著巨大的影響。從20世紀(jì)初至今,濕地水文過程的連續(xù)性受到日益強(qiáng)烈的人類活動(dòng)的嚴(yán)重干擾,濕地生態(tài)服務(wù)功能被破壞,濕地退化嚴(yán)重。通過模型的手段來研究濕地水文過程,模擬和預(yù)測濕地水文狀況,為濕地水文過程的恢復(fù)和保護(hù)提供科學(xué)的決策依據(jù)和技術(shù)支持。 水文模型永遠(yuǎn)是水文研究中的重要手段和方法之一。由于濕地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)獨(dú)有的復(fù)雜性和濕地生態(tài)水文過程的復(fù)雜性,野外濕地調(diào)查法這種傳統(tǒng)的水文研究手段,在野外環(huán)境十分艱苦的濕地地區(qū),顯得十分困難。這也是濕地地區(qū)水文氣象觀測資料較少的主要原因；同時(shí)傳統(tǒng)的流域水文模型應(yīng)用到濕地上也會(huì)出現(xiàn)適用性等問題。隨著水文科學(xué)的發(fā)展、檢測技術(shù)的進(jìn)步和計(jì)算機(jī)、地理信息系統(tǒng)(GIS)及遙感技術(shù)(RS)的進(jìn)步,同時(shí)也為了適應(yīng)氣候變化和由于人類活動(dòng)影響下的水文及水資源研究之需,水文模型獲得了長足的發(fā)展,已從集總式模型擴(kuò)展到分布式或者半分布式模型。 本文根據(jù)流域降雨徑流的基本過程,在充分考慮了流域下墊面水文要素和各種參數(shù)的空間異質(zhì)性的基礎(chǔ)上,結(jié)合本文研究區(qū)洪河國家級(jí)自然保護(hù)區(qū)沃綠蘭河流的自身特點(diǎn),建立了一個(gè)網(wǎng)格型的分布式次降雨徑流水文模型。最后并利用實(shí)測數(shù)據(jù)對(duì)模型進(jìn)行了率定和檢驗(yàn)。 本文的主要研究成果如下： (1)分布式水文模擬研究。本文利用空間信息技術(shù),基于DEM充分考慮流域下墊面水文要素和各種參數(shù)的空間異質(zhì)性,將流域離散為柵格計(jì)算單元,將整個(gè)流域降雨徑流過程分為產(chǎn)流和匯流兩大部分。產(chǎn)流采用考慮地表覆被類型和土壤類型的SCS模型；匯流根據(jù)水流特性分別采用運(yùn)動(dòng)波方程和Muskingum-Cunge法；并采取了分級(jí)匯流的思想,對(duì)流域降雨從距離流域出口最遠(yuǎn)處的分水嶺開始,由遠(yuǎn)及近地進(jìn)行分級(jí)演算模擬。 (2)模型參數(shù)。本文構(gòu)建的模型參數(shù)較少,參數(shù)的物理意義明確,參數(shù)中的大部分都可以利用DEM、土地利用圖和土壤類型確定;需要率定的參數(shù)少,便于應(yīng)用。 (3)模型驗(yàn)證與應(yīng)用。本文以黑龍江省洪河國家級(jí)自然濕地保護(hù)區(qū)內(nèi)的沃綠蘭河流域?yàn)檠芯繉?duì)象,運(yùn)用野外實(shí)測的數(shù)據(jù)對(duì)模型進(jìn)行驗(yàn)證。模型的模擬效果用確定性系數(shù)、洪量和洪峰相對(duì)誤差和峰現(xiàn)時(shí)間的絕對(duì)誤差來評(píng)估。模擬結(jié)果表明,該模型對(duì)沃綠蘭河流域的水文過程模擬結(jié)果較好,確定性系數(shù)都在0.8以上,洪量和洪峰的相對(duì)誤差基本在10%以內(nèi),峰現(xiàn)時(shí)間的絕對(duì)誤差不超過2小時(shí)。
[Abstract]:Wetland ecosystem is one of the most important ecological systems in nature. It is a special ecosystem formed by the joint action of water and land. Wetland is the most abundant biological diversity, high productivity land surface ecosystem, together with forests and oceans as the three major ecological systems in the world. Water is the most important transmission medium in the wetland ecosystem. Quality is a decisive factor in the biological composition of wetlands. The hydrological process leads to the transfer of material and energy in the wetland, indirectly controls the formation and evolution of wetlands, and has a great influence on the organisms in the wetland environment. From the beginning of the twentieth Century, the continuity of the hydrological process of the wetland has been severely affected by the intense human activities. The ecological service function of wetland is destroyed and the wetland is degraded seriously. The hydrological process of wetland is studied by means of the model, and the hydrological condition of wetland is simulated and predicted. The scientific decision basis and technical support are provided for the restoration and protection of wetland hydrology process.
The hydrological model is always one of the important means and methods in hydrology. Because of the complexity of the wetland ecosystem and the complexity of the wetland eco hydrological process, the field wetland investigation method, the traditional hydrological research method, is very difficult in the very hard area of the field. This is also the hydrology and meteorology of the wetland area. The main reasons for less observation, and the application of the traditional watershed hydrological model to wetlands, are also possible. Along with the development of hydrology, progress in detection technology and advances in computers, geographic information systems (GIS) and remote sensing (RS), it is also to adapt to climate change and the impact of human activities. Hydrology and water resources research need, hydrological model has made considerable progress, has been extended from lumped model to distributed or semi distributed model.
Based on the basic process of rainfall runoff in the basin, on the basis of fully considering the spatial heterogeneity of hydrological elements and various parameters of the underlying surface of the basin, and combining the characteristics of the river in the Honghe National Nature Reserve of this study area, a grid type distribution model of sub rainfall runoff water is established. The measured data are determined and tested for the model.
The main research results of this paper are as follows:
(1) distributed hydrological simulation research. In this paper, based on spatial information technology, based on DEM, the spatial heterogeneity of hydrological elements and various parameters of the underlying surface of the basin is fully considered, and the basin is discrete into a grid computing unit, and the whole basin rainfall runoff process is divided into two parts of runoff and confluence. In accordance with the characteristics of water flow, the confluence adopts the motion wave equation and the Muskingum-Cunge method according to the characteristics of the flow, and the idea of hierarchical confluence is adopted, and the rainfall from the distance to the distance from the distance from the distance to the watershed is started, and the classification calculation is carried out from far and near to the near land.
(2) model parameters. The model parameters in this paper are less and the physical meaning of the parameters is clear. Most of the parameters can be determined by DEM, land use map and soil type.
(3) model verification and application. This paper uses the field measured data to verify the model in the wowan River Basin in the Honghe National Natural Wetland Reserve, Heilongjiang province. The simulation results of the model are evaluated by the deterministic coefficient, the relative error of the flood and the flood peak and the absolute error of the peak time. The simulation results show that The model has better simulation results on the hydrological process in the wowan River Basin, the deterministic coefficient is above 0.8, the relative error of the flood and peak is less than 10%, and the absolute error of the peak time is not more than 2 hours.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：首都師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號(hào)】：P334;P208

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