本文選題：降雨特性 + 產(chǎn)流��； 參考：《浙江大學(xué)》2014年博士論文

【摘要】：本研究基于目前土壤侵蝕機(jī)理研究存在的不足,利用小尺度人工降雨物理模型、物理概念的分布式水文模型、及統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法,以小尺度黃土質(zhì)坡面為研究對(duì)象,整合一系列降雨特性組合展開(kāi)試驗(yàn),對(duì)黃土地區(qū)土壤侵蝕過(guò)程中的降雨／產(chǎn)流／侵蝕響應(yīng)特性進(jìn)行了剖析和探討。主要內(nèi)容如下： (1)基于以往進(jìn)行的不同降雨特性組合下的坡面降雨產(chǎn)流／土壤侵蝕物理模型比對(duì)試驗(yàn),對(duì)詳細(xì)記錄的降雨產(chǎn)流／土壤侵蝕過(guò)程中系統(tǒng)內(nèi)的土壤含水量、地表水流含沙量、水流含沙級(jí)配等參數(shù)在空間／時(shí)間尺度上的變化過(guò)程進(jìn)行了統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,認(rèn)為本研究中小尺度物理模型實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)軌蜉^理想地描述水文響應(yīng)過(guò)程。 (2) Integrated Hydrology Model (InHM)能有效模擬產(chǎn)流／土壤侵蝕過(guò)程,根據(jù)實(shí)測(cè)數(shù)據(jù)模擬獲得表層土滲透系數(shù)值,不僅揭示了降雨過(guò)程表層土物理特性的變化規(guī)律,也突顯了InHM模型相比傳統(tǒng)水文模型的優(yōu)越性。 (3)分析不同降雨特性對(duì)坡面產(chǎn)流特性的影響,發(fā)現(xiàn)降雨過(guò)程中表層土發(fā)生顯著的結(jié)皮現(xiàn)象,降雨特性對(duì)結(jié)皮結(jié)構(gòu)影響較大,尤其是降雨沿坡面移動(dòng)方向不同,影響結(jié)皮發(fā)育類(lèi)型,進(jìn)而影響產(chǎn)流階段特性。結(jié)皮發(fā)育是土壤孔隙度變小、下滲減少、產(chǎn)流時(shí)間提前、產(chǎn)流量增大,產(chǎn)流階段改變的重要原因。 (4)通過(guò)觀察侵蝕特征數(shù)據(jù),發(fā)現(xiàn)隨結(jié)皮發(fā)育及地表徑流的持續(xù)發(fā)生,土壤侵蝕現(xiàn)象顯著,各連續(xù)降雨過(guò)程中土壤侵蝕量普遍逐場(chǎng)遞減。移動(dòng)降雨條件下,總產(chǎn)沙量主要由降雨量和徑流發(fā)生階段決定；而峰值產(chǎn)沙量受降雨移動(dòng)方向影響顯著。 (5)侵蝕顆粒粒徑分析顯示,粉粒泥沙最易被侵蝕,而降雨移動(dòng)方向?qū)η治g成分的影響僅在降雨初期較明顯。總體上,降雨任意階段侵蝕泥沙成分含量(粘粒、粉粒、砂粒)始終保持一種特定的數(shù)值比例。 (6)通過(guò)分析等效泥沙濃度時(shí)空分布特性,發(fā)現(xiàn)降雨移動(dòng)方向和降雨強(qiáng)度對(duì)其的影響最關(guān)鍵。且將其作為坡面降雨事件發(fā)生極端情況的參考依據(jù),相比傳統(tǒng)上僅考慮產(chǎn)流量或侵蝕量,等效泥沙濃度闡釋的是單位體積徑流的挾沙能力,具有較大工程應(yīng)用意義。本研究還對(duì)土壤侵蝕機(jī)理關(guān)于等效泥沙濃度的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行了完善。 (7)驗(yàn)證了基于軟件SPSS(Statistical Package for the Social Sciences)的典型相關(guān)分析方法CCA(Canonical Correlation Analysis)對(duì)坡面降雨／產(chǎn)流／侵蝕過(guò)程機(jī)理具有良好的解釋性,尤其針對(duì)降雨向下移動(dòng)工況。結(jié)果顯示坡面響應(yīng)過(guò)程可分解為濺擊侵蝕與沖刷侵蝕過(guò)程,其主導(dǎo)驅(qū)動(dòng)力分別為降雨強(qiáng)度與降雨量。且各降雨特性因子與坡面響應(yīng)特性因子之間的關(guān)聯(lián)性均能在分析結(jié)果中被較全面的解釋。 (8)通過(guò)設(shè)置坡面上方不同區(qū)域的降雨／產(chǎn)流／侵蝕事件,發(fā)現(xiàn)降雨離出口處距離不同,對(duì)峰值產(chǎn)沙量和產(chǎn)流量相關(guān)性,及總產(chǎn)沙量和降雨強(qiáng)度相關(guān)性等具有不同程度的影響；同時(shí)還造成等效泥沙濃度過(guò)程曲線(xiàn)及侵蝕顆粒組分較大差異性。
[Abstract]:Based on the shortcomings of the current research on soil erosion mechanism, this study uses the physical model of small scale artificial rainfall, the distributed hydrological model of physical concepts, and statistical methods, taking the small scale loess slope as the research object and integrating a series of rainfall characteristics combination to carry out the experiment on the rainfall / production in the soil erosion process in the loess region. The characteristics of flow / erosion response are analyzed and discussed. The main contents are as follows:
(1) based on the comparison test of the physical model of rainfall runoff / soil erosion on the slope surface under the combination of different rainfall characteristics in the past, the variation process of soil moisture content in the system, the sediment content in the surface flow and the sediment concentration of the flow in the process of the detailed recorded rainfall runoff / soil erosion process are carried out in the spatial / temporal scale. According to the analysis, it is considered that the small scale physical model experiment can better describe the hydrological response process.
(2) Integrated Hydrology Model (InHM) can effectively simulate the process of runoff and soil erosion. The numerical simulation of surface soil permeability based on the measured data is obtained, which not only reveals the change law of the physical characteristics of the surface soil in the rainfall process, but also highlights the superiority of the InHM model to the traditional hydrological model.
(3) to analyze the influence of different rainfall characteristics on runoff yield characteristics, it is found that there is a significant crust phenomenon in the surface soil during the rainfall process. The rainfall characteristics have great influence on the structure of the crust, especially the different direction of the rainfall along the slope, which affects the development type of the crust, and then affects the characteristics of the runoff generation stage. The crust development is the soil porosity and infiltration. The main reason for the change of runoff generation stage is the reduction of runoff production time and the increase of runoff.
(4) by observing the characteristic data of erosion, it is found that the soil erosion is obvious with the development of the crust and the continuous occurrence of surface runoff. The amount of soil erosion is generally decreasing in the continuous rainfall process. The total sediment yield is mainly determined by the rainfall and the stage of runoff under the condition of moving rainfall, and the peak sediment yield is influenced by the direction of rainfall movement. It is.
(5) the analysis of erosion particle size shows that the silt is most easily eroded, and the influence of the rainfall movement direction on the erosion component is only obvious in the early stage of rainfall. In general, the content of the sediment content (clay, powder and sand) at any stage of rainfall remains a specific numerical ratio.
(6) through the analysis of the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of the equivalent sediment concentration, it is found that the direction of rainfall movement and the intensity of rainfall are the most important to its influence. And it is considered as the reference basis for the extreme situation of the rainfall event on the slope, compared with the traditional runoff or erosion amount, the equivalent sediment concentration is the capacity to carry the sediment carrying capacity of the unit volume runoff. This study also perfected the content of soil erosion mechanism about equivalent sediment concentration.
(7) verify that the typical correlation analysis method based on software SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) CCA (Canonical Correlation Analysis) has a good explanation for the mechanism of rainfall / runoff / erosion process on the slope, especially for the downward movement of rainfall. The results show that the slope response process can be decomposed into splash erosion and erosion. The main driving forces of the erosion erosion process are rainfall intensity and rainfall, and the correlation between the rainfall characteristic factors and the slope response characteristics can be fully explained in the analysis results.
(8) by setting up the rainfall / runoff / erosion events in different areas above the slope, it is found that the distance between the rainfall and the outlet is different, and the correlation of the peak sediment yield and the runoff yield, the correlation of the total sediment yield and the rainfall intensity have different degrees of influence, and the equivalent sediment concentration process curve and the erosion particle component are also large difference. The opposite sex.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：浙江大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：S157;TV12

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本文編號(hào)：1968289