本文選題：渭河下游 + 水沙關(guān)系��； 參考：《中國水利水電科學(xué)研究院》2014年碩士論文

【摘要】：渭河是黃河的重要支流,也是黃河主要的水沙來源之一,同時作為一條多沙河流,引起學(xué)者的廣泛關(guān)注。三門峽水庫修建以來,由于潼關(guān)高程的相應(yīng)抬升,渭河各河段出現(xiàn)不同程度的變化,尤其是下游河段,出現(xiàn)較為嚴(yán)重的淤積,這使得渭河水沙問題更為突出。近年來,潼關(guān)高程逐漸穩(wěn)定,河道基本回到平衡狀態(tài),但水少沙多問題加劇,沿程用水量激增,各方面問題依然存在。找尋新平衡條件下,渭河輸沙用水與生產(chǎn)生活用水間的平衡點以保證渭河河道的穩(wěn)定,已經(jīng)成為新的研究方向。本文歸納之前學(xué)者的研究,運用泥沙動力學(xué)、河床演變學(xué)等基礎(chǔ)知識,結(jié)合渭河特有的水沙關(guān)系與變化趨勢,在潼關(guān)高程近期相對穩(wěn)定的條件下,以研究渭河下游輸沙水量和未來河道輸水輸沙規(guī)模為目標(biāo)。主要研究內(nèi)容及研究結(jié)論歸納如下：1.通過對1950～2009年來水來沙情況、水沙變化及特征、流域產(chǎn)流產(chǎn)沙區(qū)域分布、年內(nèi)水沙分配、實測各流量級等多方面分析,得到以下主要認(rèn)識：(1)渭河下游為黃河流域的水少沙多區(qū),具有明顯的水沙異源特點。來水來沙過程年際間變化大,1960年代以來水沙量呈總體減少趨勢,2000年以來沙量明顯減少。年內(nèi)水沙分配不均勻,主要來水來沙過程集中于汛期,2000年以來水量向汛期轉(zhuǎn)移,來沙向汛期高度集中,咸陽站、華縣站和張家山站三站汛期沙量占比均達(dá)到97%以上。(2)涇河來沙多導(dǎo)致渭河下游水沙關(guān)系極不協(xié)調(diào),華縣站多年平均和汛期平均來沙系數(shù)分別為0.217kg/s.m6和0.178kg/s.m6,比花園口站大一個數(shù)量級,1986-2002年水沙關(guān)系最差；2003年以來咸陽水沙的搭配有所好轉(zhuǎn),但非汛期水沙搭配惡化。(3)渭河下游出現(xiàn)天數(shù)最多的流量級為0-500m3/s,0～000m3/s為主要的輸水輸沙流量級,1000-1500m3/s流量級的輸沙也占了較大比例,大于1500m3/s的各流量級所帶水沙量比例不大。2003年后0-500m3/s流量級輸沙比例呈明顯增大的趨勢。2.分析了三門峽水庫運用以來不同時期渭河下游的淤積特點及河道萎縮特征,得到：(1)渭河下游自三門峽水庫運行以來,渭河下游淤積加重,累積淤積量12.86億m3；受三門峽工程不同運用方式和水沙條件的影響,渭河下游沖淤過程階段性明顯,1960-1973年潼關(guān)高程迅速抬升,渭河下游河段大量淤積；1973年對三門峽進(jìn)行改建,潼關(guān)高程暫時得到控制,渭河下游臨潼至華縣段少量沖刷,其余各段均出現(xiàn)少量淤積；1986-2002年徑流明顯減少,導(dǎo)致潼關(guān)高程繼續(xù)抬升,各河段均以淤積為主,多數(shù)表現(xiàn)為汛期淤積非汛期沖刷；2003年三門峽水庫再次改變運行方式,2003年和2005年水沙有利,潼關(guān)高程出現(xiàn)小幅下降趨勢,渭河下游總體表現(xiàn)為微沖。(2)2003年以前,渭河下游河段明顯萎縮,主要表現(xiàn)在主槽過流能力減少,河道橫斷面呈現(xiàn)縮窄趨勢,交口以下河段深泓點抬升等。通過對三門峽水庫的調(diào)整,2003年后平灘流量有所回升,逐步穩(wěn)定在2500m3/s左右,說明主槽萎縮趨勢有所緩和。3.在對現(xiàn)有輸沙水量計算方法進(jìn)行了全面總結(jié)的基礎(chǔ)上,以1973-2009年水沙系列為依據(jù),通過曲線擬合或半經(jīng)驗公式推導(dǎo)得到資料分析法、沖淤修正法和不平衡輸沙法三種適合渭河下游輸沙水量計算方法。以此計算了1973-2009年實際沖淤量和不同允許淤積量下的渭河下游輸沙水量,三種方法計算結(jié)果有一定差異,取平均值的結(jié)果表明：在實際淤積情況下,華縣站的年輸沙水量為52.45億m3,4.2億m3的水未用于輸沙。若要使渭河下游的年均淤積量分別減少到0.1億t、0.05億t和0億t,華縣站年水量需分別達(dá)到60.23億m3、65.1億m3和69.96億m3。4.建立了包括渭河下游和三門峽庫區(qū)的水沙數(shù)學(xué)模型,經(jīng)實測資料率定和驗證后進(jìn)行了平水平沙系列、前期水沙偏豐系列和前期偏枯60年水沙系列下的渭河下游淤積量、淤積過程及以平灘流量為指標(biāo)的輸水輸沙通道規(guī)模計算,計算結(jié)果表明,渭河下游未來仍將呈累計淤積狀態(tài),以灘地淤積為主,前10年全河段累計淤積1.90億t,后50年各方案淤積11.08億t-12.37億t；未來10年,渭河下游的輸水輸沙通道臨潼-華縣在2300m3/s,華縣以下能維持在2700m3/s。長期來看,臨潼-華縣平灘流量1800m3/s以下,華縣以下河段在2000m3/s左右。
[Abstract]:Weihe is an important tributary of the Yellow River. It is also one of the main sources of water and sand in the Yellow River. At the same time, as a multi sand river, it attracts extensive attention of scholars. Since the construction of the Sanmenxia reservoir, due to the corresponding elevation of the Tongguan elevation, the different degrees of change in each section of the Weihe River appear, especially the lower reaches of the river, which makes the Wei River more serious. In recent years, the river sediment problem is more prominent. In recent years, the Tongguan elevation is gradually stable, the river is basically back to the state of balance, but the problem of water less sand and sand intensifies, the water consumption along the path is increasing, and the problems still exist in all aspects. In search of the new balance conditions, the balance point between the water supply and the production and living water in Weihe is to ensure the stability of the Weihe River, which has become new. This article summarizes the previous scholars' research, using the basic knowledge of sediment dynamics, river bed evolution and other basic knowledge, combined with the specific water and sediment relationship and trend of change in Weihe, and under the relatively stable conditions of the Tongguan elevation in the near future, the main research content and Research on the sediment transport in the lower reaches of the lower reaches of the Weihe and the scale of the water transport and sediment transport in the river channel in the future. The following conclusions are summed up as follows: 1. through the analysis of water and sediment in the 1950~2009 years, the change and characteristics of water and sediment, the distribution of runoff and sediment in the basin, the distribution of water and sediment in the year, the actual flow level, and so on, the following main understanding is obtained: (1) the lower reaches of the lower reaches of Weihe are the less sand and sandy area of the the Yellow River River Basin, which has obvious characteristics of water and sand sources. Since 1960s, the amount of water and sand has decreased since the year of 1960s, and the sand amount has decreased obviously since 2000. The distribution of sand and sediment is uneven in 2000. The main flow and sediment process is concentrated in the flood season. Since 2000, the water flow is transferred to the flood season, the sediment is highly concentrated in the flood season, and the sand amount of the three stations in the XianYang Railway Station, the Hua county station and the Zhangjia mountain station are all reached. To 97% above 97%. (2) the water and sediment relations in the lower reaches of Weihe are very incongruous. The average sediment coefficient of the years and the flood season of the Hua county station is 0.217kg/s.m6 and 0.178kg/s.m6 respectively, which is one order of magnitude larger than the garden gate station, and the worst water sediment relationship in 1986-2002 years. Since 2003, the collocation of water and sediment in Xianyang has improved, but the water and sediment collocation in non flood season (3) the flow grade of the largest number of days in the lower reaches of Weihe is 0-500m3/s, 0 ~ 000m3/s is the main flow grade of water transport and sediment transport, and the sediment transport in 1000-1500m3/s flow level is also a large proportion. The proportion of water and sediment with the flow level of each level larger than 1500m3/s is not much higher than that of 0-500m3/s flow grade after.2003 years, and the.2. analysis is three. The siltation characteristics and river shrinkage characteristics of the lower reaches of Weihe in different periods since the application of the menxia reservoir have been obtained. (1) since the lower reaches of Weihe are running from the Sanmenxia reservoir, the sedimentation of the lower reaches of the Weihe is aggravated and the accumulated silt is 1 billion 286 million m3; under the influence of the different application ways and the water and sand conditions of the Sanmenxia project, the process of erosion and siltation in the lower reaches of the Weihe is obvious, 1960- In 1973, Tongguan elevation was raised rapidly and the lower reaches of Weihe were silted up in large quantities; in 1973, Sanmenxia was rebuilt, Tongguan height was temporarily controlled, a small amount of scour in Lintong to Hua county of the lower reaches of Weihe, and a small amount of siltation in the rest of the other sections; the runoff of the 1986-2002 years decreased significantly, resulting in the continued uplift of Tongguan, and siltation in each of the sections of the river. Most of the performance is the flood period silting in non flood season. In 2003, the Sanmenxia reservoir changed the operation mode again. In 2003 and 2005, the water and sediment were favorable, the Tongguan elevation declined slightly, and the lower reaches of the Weihe were micro flushing. (2) before 2003, the lower reaches of the Weihe decreased obviously, mainly in the decrease of the main channel overflow capacity and the cross section of the river channel. With the adjustment of the Sanmenxia reservoir, the Sanmenxia reservoir was adjusted, and the flat rate of flat beach was recovered to a certain extent after 2003, and gradually stabilized at around 2500m3/s, indicating that the main trough atrophy trend was eased by.3., based on the total sum of the existing methods for calculating the current sediment water quantity, based on the 1973-2009 year water and sand series. Through the curve fitting or the semi empirical formula derivation, the data analysis method, the erosion and siltation correction method and the unbalanced sediment transport method are three suitable methods for the calculation of the sediment transport in the lower reaches of Weihe. In order to calculate the 1973-2009 years actual erosion and siltation and the different allowable silt, the amount of water transport in the lower reaches of the lower reaches of the Weihe is different and the average value is taken. The results show that, under the actual siltation, the annual sediment discharge of 5 billion 245 million m3,4.2 million m3 is not used for sediment transport. If the annual average siltation in the lower reaches of the Weihe is reduced to 10 million T, 5 million T and 0 billion T, the annual water capacity of the Hua county station should be 6 billion 23 million m3,65.1 billion m3 and 6 billion 996 million m3.4., respectively, including the lower Weihe and three gates. The mathematical model of water and sediment in the gorge reservoir area is determined and verified by the measured data rate and verification. The sediment volume in the lower reaches of the Weihe River, the sedimentation process in the lower reaches of the early water sand partial and the earlier 60 years of water and sand series, and the calculation of the sediment transport channel scale with the flow of flat beach as the index. The calculation results show that the future of the lower reaches of Weihe will still be tired. In the first 10 years, the total siltation is 190 million T accumulated in the whole river section in the first 10 years, and 1 billion 108 million t-12.37 billion T in the last 50 years. In the next 10 years, the water transport and sediment transport channel in the lower reaches of Weihe is in the Lintong Hua county, which can be maintained in 2700m3/s. for a long time, and the flow rate of the Lintong Hua county flat beach is below 1800m3/s, and the lower reaches of the Hua county are 2 About 000m3/s.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國水利水電科學(xué)研究院
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號】：TV14

【參考文獻(xiàn)】

相關(guān)期刊論文 前2條

1 張沖;趙景波;張淑源;;渭河流域漢代洪澇災(zāi)害研究[J];地理科學(xué);2011年09期

2 薛春芳;董文杰;李青;王式功;;近50年渭河流域秋雨的特征與成因分析[J];高原氣象;2012年02期

，

本文編號：1830645