本文選題：鄂南地區(qū) + 傳統(tǒng)民居　； 參考：《武漢理工大學》2013年博士論文

【摘要】：本文以湖北省南部的咸寧市為主要考察區(qū)域,對這一區(qū)域內(nèi)傳統(tǒng)民居的建筑空間與居住文化進行分析與研究。文中定義的“鄂南”地區(qū),從狹義看是以咸寧市市域為依托的行政區(qū)劃范圍,有著相對清晰的空間領域；從廣義看,地域文化之間的鄰接關系并非涇渭分明,而是在市域的邊緣體現(xiàn)出融合與漸變,從而形成豐富多元的文化環(huán)境,它突破行政區(qū)劃的界限,形成一個更為完整的“鄂南”概念。 鄂南氣候濕熱、多雨,地勢整體以丘陵為主,其生產(chǎn)方式體現(xiàn)出山地農(nóng)業(yè)的特征,在傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)耕的主導下,因地制宜的發(fā)展出造紙、制茶等手工業(yè)組成。從地理位置上看鄂南,它北靠武漢,南接瀟湘,東鄰贛北,西望荊襄,處在湖北、江西、湖南三省的交匯地帶。由于地理上的相連,在氣候、地理條件等客觀環(huán)境上與周邊省份有一定的相似性,表現(xiàn)在文化上產(chǎn)生一定趨同,與中原漢文化在本體上是高度同構(gòu)的。與此同時,在鄂南地區(qū)周圍還存在多支各具地方特色的亞文化,如徽州文化、贛江文化、湖湘文化,以及峽江文化。鄂南的地域文化處于四支亞文化的邊緣,并未真正融入其中一種,然而四種文化的相互滲透與融合卻都作用于這片區(qū)域,使其呈現(xiàn)出被邊緣中的特點,在同一性中包含特殊性,在特殊性中體現(xiàn)出同一性。 干闌式建筑形式是鄂南歷史早期出現(xiàn)的建筑樣式,后在中原文化的影響下,在平面形制上出現(xiàn)北方合院式的特征,形成了符合地域文化特征的天井院式的居住空間,而在明清時期數(shù)次南方移民活動中,鄂南民居更是受到了經(jīng)濟文化更為發(fā)達的江西等地的同化,在建筑風格上與之產(chǎn)生一定的趨同。 鄂南民居是在農(nóng)耕社會中形成和發(fā)展起來的,在中原強烈的宗法制度的籠罩下,鄂南地區(qū)的合院建筑同樣具有中原合院建筑的基本特征,但在客觀自然條件以及鄉(xiāng)土人文環(huán)境的制約中,也表現(xiàn)出極強的地域適應性,如減小建筑體量的天井院落,依山地而建的抬院空間,以及在地方農(nóng)業(yè)與手工業(yè)的影響下誕生出的能夠同時滿足貿(mào)易與居住需求的集鎮(zhèn)街屋。 鄂南民居主要屬于小式梁架結(jié)構(gòu),其結(jié)構(gòu)體系是以磚木混合結(jié)構(gòu)為主,以山墻輔助承重,所以它與北方普遍采用的抬梁式構(gòu)架,以及南方常見的穿斗式構(gòu)架均有差異。由于鄂南民間的屋面重量較輕,所以在房屋構(gòu)架的處理方式上顯得十分靈活,受地勢條件的影響或房屋實際用途的要求,抬梁、穿斗、插梁幾種結(jié)構(gòu)混合使用的情況常有出現(xiàn),而在工藝處理上也產(chǎn)生了如燕子步梁、包鑲柱、雙料柱等對于地方氣候、材料的適應表現(xiàn)。 民居裝飾的表現(xiàn)題材實際上也是一種文化現(xiàn)象,它是一定時期內(nèi)社會經(jīng)濟文化條件所創(chuàng)造的產(chǎn)物,也是一定區(qū)域內(nèi)人們生活方式,生產(chǎn)勞動,觀念風俗的反映。鄂南出現(xiàn)的裝飾題材類別總體可分為四個有代表性的方向：第一,表現(xiàn)古代文人情趣的裝飾圖案；第二,象征式的裝飾圖案；第三,描述情節(jié)的神話與民間傳說；第四,家訓和警示的體現(xiàn)。這些植根于傳統(tǒng)文化,出自于鄉(xiāng)民的勞動與生活的諸多內(nèi)容,是人們對社會生活抒發(fā)的情感熱愛與愿望的寄托,同時,也表達著人們對高尚情操的追求。 傳統(tǒng)民居的形態(tài)是具有地域性的,這是它區(qū)別于現(xiàn)代建筑最大的差異之一,它使用地方性的材料、作出對地方氣候、以及特殊地形的適應,以最低的能源消耗成本獲取了最大限度的居住舒適度,并且在沒有輔以現(xiàn)代化采暖、制冷等設備的客觀條件下,創(chuàng)造出了相對舒適、綠色、健康、低能耗甚至零能耗的室內(nèi)外環(huán)境,這是現(xiàn)代建筑在居住的生態(tài)性上所不能比擬的,也是傳統(tǒng)民居帶給我們最重要的財富。對傳統(tǒng)民居的可持續(xù)發(fā)展的思考,不應僅僅停留在如何翻新、如何改建的層面,而是應該反思,如何在當代的大環(huán)境中延續(xù)其健康、生態(tài)的思想價值,創(chuàng)造和諧的人居環(huán)境。 全文內(nèi)容由六個章節(jié)組成。第一章為緒論,對本文的研究內(nèi)容、現(xiàn)狀、意義和研究方法作出了簡要的說明,并列出文章的整體脈絡與框架；第二章介紹了鄂南地區(qū)傳統(tǒng)民居的地域文化背景,包括這一區(qū)域的氣候條件與地理環(huán)境,生產(chǎn)方式與社會經(jīng)濟文化,以及民居的形成、傳承與發(fā)展過程；第三章對民居的平面形態(tài)和空間形態(tài)進行分類解析,并對其特征作出歸納；第四章從建筑的承重體系、支承體系、圍護體系三個方面入手,具體分析鄂南民居的建筑結(jié)構(gòu)及營造技術；第五章介紹了鄂南民居的裝飾藝術及其象征寓意,具體對裝飾的手法、裝飾的題材以及寓意表達方面作出歸類與分析；第六章為結(jié)語,探討傳統(tǒng)民居在自發(fā)演進中所面臨的問題,并對其可持續(xù)發(fā)展途徑作出規(guī)劃。
[Abstract]:This paper takes Xianning city in the south of Hubei as the main investigation area , analyzes and studies the building space and residential culture of the traditional dwellings in this area .
In the sense of broad sense , the adjacency relation between regional culture is not clear , but it reflects the integration and gradual change in the edge of the city domain , thus forming rich and plural cultural environment , which breaks through the limits of administrative division and forms a more complete concept of " Esouth " .

In the south of Hubei Province , there are many subcultures with local characteristics , such as Huizhou culture , Ganjiang culture , Huxiang culture and Xijiang culture .

The diaphragm type building form is the architectural style which appeared in the early history of Hubei Province . After the influence of the Central Plains culture , it has formed the characteristic of the courtyard style in the north , and formed the courtyard - style residential space which accords with the regional cultural characteristics . In the period of Ming and Qing dynasties , the residence space of the courtyard type is formed . In the period of Ming and Qing Dynasties , the folk house in the south of Hubei is the assimilation of the more developed Jiangxi and so on , which has a certain convergence in the architectural style .

The residential houses in the south of Hubei are formed and developed in the agricultural and cultivated societies . In the cage of the strong patriarchal clan system , the compound buildings in the south of Hubei also have the basic characteristics of the construction of the Central Plains . However , in the constraints of the objective and natural conditions and the local human environment , there is also a strong regional adaptability , such as the reduction of the courtyard courtyard of the building mass , the uplift space built according to the mountainous region , and the town street which can meet the demand of trade and residence simultaneously under the influence of local agriculture and handicrafts .

The folk house in south of Hubei is mainly composed of small beam frame structure , and its structural system is mainly composed of brick and wood mixed structure , which is auxiliary load bearing with gable wall , so it is very flexible in the way of building framework , so it is very flexible in treatment mode of house frame .

The theme of folk house decoration is also a cultural phenomenon , it is the product created by the social and economic culture conditions in a certain period , and it is the reflection of people ' s life style , production labor and concept customs in a certain period . The decoration theme categories appearing in the south of Hubei can be divided into four representative directions : first , showing ancient scholar ' s interesting decorative patterns ;
a second , symbol - like decorative pattern ;
Thirdly , describe the myths and folklore of the plot ;
The fourth , the manifestation of family training and warning . These are rooted in the traditional culture , the work and the life of the native people , are people ' s emotional love and desire to the social life , and also express the people ' s pursuit of the noble sentiment .

The form of traditional dwellings is regional , which is one of the greatest differences between modern architecture . It uses local materials , makes the adaptation of local climate and special terrain , and creates a relatively comfortable , green , healthy , low energy consumption and even zero energy consumption indoor and outdoor environment with the lowest energy consumption cost .

The contents of the whole text are composed of six chapters . The first chapter is the introduction , and makes a brief description of the contents , present situation , significance and research methods of the study , and lists the whole context and framework of the article .
The second chapter introduces the regional cultural background of the traditional folk house in the south of Hubei , including the climatic condition and geographical environment , the production mode and the social and economic culture , as well as the formation , inheritance and development process of the folk house .
In the third chapter , the plane form and the space form of the dwellings are classified and analyzed , and their characteristics are summarized .
The fourth chapter starts with three aspects of building ' s load - bearing system , supporting system and containment system .
The fifth chapter introduces the decoration art of the folk house in the south of Hubei Province and its symbolic meaning , and classifies and analyzes the decoration technique , the subject matter of decoration and the expression of moral meaning ;
Chapter 6 discusses the problems faced by traditional folk houses in spontaneous evolution and plans their sustainable development approaches .
【學位授予單位】：武漢理工大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2013
【分類號】：TU241.5

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