【摘要】：據(jù)《中國(guó)心血管病報(bào)告2016》概要中統(tǒng)計(jì),心血管疾病死亡率占居民疾病死亡之首位,并呈逐年上升趨勢(shì),心血管疾病的防治亟待解決。脈搏搏動(dòng)與血壓變化源于心臟搏動(dòng),臨床研究表明,在心血管疾病發(fā)病早期,某些異常信息已蘊(yùn)涵在脈搏信號(hào)及動(dòng)脈血壓波形中。若能精確檢測(cè)全面的脈搏信息,無(wú)創(chuàng)連續(xù)監(jiān)測(cè)血壓波形,就可以獲得更多的生理、病理信息,有助于對(duì)心血管疾病的有效預(yù)防及診斷治療,對(duì)于臨床醫(yī)學(xué)和基礎(chǔ)醫(yī)學(xué)均具有重要意義。本文在綜述了血壓測(cè)量方法及脈搏信號(hào)檢測(cè)與分析方法的國(guó)內(nèi)外研究現(xiàn)狀的基礎(chǔ)上,分析了現(xiàn)有各種方法的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn),得出了現(xiàn)有的脈搏信號(hào)檢測(cè)方法檢測(cè)的脈搏信息不夠全面、血壓波形的無(wú)創(chuàng)測(cè)量方法尚存在較多缺陷的結(jié)論,提出了基于雙目視覺(jué)測(cè)量原理檢測(cè)脈搏信號(hào),進(jìn)而實(shí)現(xiàn)無(wú)創(chuàng)血壓波形測(cè)量的研究思路。首先,研制了雙目視覺(jué)脈搏檢測(cè)系統(tǒng)。采用柔性探頭將橈動(dòng)脈脈搏的搏動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)換為探頭薄膜的形變,用工業(yè)相機(jī)捕捉薄膜的變化信息,實(shí)現(xiàn)脈搏搏動(dòng)可視化,以圖像的方式檢測(cè)全面的脈搏信號(hào)。針對(duì)相機(jī)自帶圖像采集軟件的不足,基于相機(jī)的應(yīng)用程序編程接口,在Microsoft Visual C++2008環(huán)境下二次開發(fā)了雙相機(jī)同步采集軟件,在雙口千兆以太網(wǎng)卡及MP425數(shù)據(jù)采集模塊的輔助下,利用相機(jī)的外觸發(fā)模式,實(shí)現(xiàn)雙相機(jī)穩(wěn)定同步采集及自動(dòng)連續(xù)保存。選擇合適的高精度標(biāo)定板,并自制背光源,應(yīng)用張正友標(biāo)定方法對(duì)工作在小視場(chǎng)、微距環(huán)境下的雙目視覺(jué)系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行標(biāo)定,標(biāo)定結(jié)果精度較高,滿足脈搏幅度測(cè)量的要求。其次,基于雙目視覺(jué)脈搏檢測(cè)系統(tǒng)采集的動(dòng)態(tài)脈搏圖像序列,提取多點(diǎn)脈搏波。根據(jù)脈搏搏動(dòng)引起的探頭薄膜變形導(dǎo)致圖像灰度在幀間發(fā)生變化的特點(diǎn),采用常用的基本圖像統(tǒng)計(jì)量提取脈搏波,并進(jìn)行比較,提出了基于圖像熵獲取多點(diǎn)脈搏波的方法。該方法效率高,波形穩(wěn)定性好,能準(zhǔn)確獲取脈搏搏動(dòng)趨勢(shì),效果優(yōu)于基于特征圖案面積變化的方法。為了進(jìn)一步獲得脈搏搏動(dòng)的實(shí)際幅值,提出了基于特征點(diǎn)縱向位移的多點(diǎn)脈搏波提取方法。提取脈搏圖像中特征圖案的質(zhì)心作為特征點(diǎn),引入“弓”字型掃描檢測(cè)思想,將左右圖像中的特征點(diǎn)進(jìn)行匹配;基于雙目視覺(jué)理論計(jì)算特征點(diǎn)的空間位置,繼而提取縱向位移;根據(jù)多個(gè)特征點(diǎn)的縱向位移在幀間的變化,獲取能精確反映實(shí)際脈搏幅值及脈搏搏動(dòng)趨勢(shì)的多點(diǎn)脈搏波。波形效果優(yōu)于基于特征圖案面積變化的方法及基于圖像熵的方法。此外,對(duì)該方法的準(zhǔn)確性和有效性進(jìn)行了靜態(tài)和動(dòng)態(tài)驗(yàn)證。在多特征點(diǎn)縱向位移的基礎(chǔ)上,獲取動(dòng)態(tài)脈搏三維形態(tài)。根據(jù)同一時(shí)刻多個(gè)特征點(diǎn)的空間位置,重構(gòu)該時(shí)刻的薄膜三維形態(tài),結(jié)果符合實(shí)際情況;分析探頭薄膜在脈搏搏動(dòng)下的受力形變情況,根據(jù)同一時(shí)刻多個(gè)特征點(diǎn)的脈搏幅值,重構(gòu)該時(shí)刻由于脈搏搏動(dòng)引起的薄膜形變;基于脈搏圖像序列,獲取隨時(shí)間變化的動(dòng)態(tài)脈搏三維形態(tài),將脈搏形象立體地呈現(xiàn)出來(lái)。在脈寬、脈長(zhǎng)基本概念的基礎(chǔ)上,定義了計(jì)算方法,并基于動(dòng)態(tài)脈搏三維形態(tài)計(jì)算脈寬及脈長(zhǎng)。最后,基于脈搏波獲取血壓波形。構(gòu)建模擬人體血液循環(huán)系統(tǒng)的血壓模擬平臺(tái),用于對(duì)比分析血管的管壁徑向位移波形與管內(nèi)壓力變化波形的關(guān)系,得出了雙目視覺(jué)脈搏檢測(cè)系統(tǒng)與壓力變送器檢測(cè)的信號(hào)波形一致性較好的結(jié)論,并據(jù)此提出了基于脈搏波獲取血壓波形的研究方法。在分析了血管內(nèi)壓力與管壁徑向位移之間的線性關(guān)系之后,推導(dǎo)出從脈搏幅值計(jì)算血壓的數(shù)學(xué)表達(dá)式;確定脈搏中心作為獲取血壓波形的最佳位置,初步估算血壓波形。采用簡(jiǎn)單線性相關(guān)分析方法確定與血壓值相關(guān)性較強(qiáng)的脈搏特征參數(shù),采用多元線性回歸分析法獲取收縮壓和舒張壓,進(jìn)一步修正血壓波形。此外,借助血壓模擬平臺(tái),初步研究了基于BP神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)預(yù)測(cè)模擬血管內(nèi)壓力波形的方法,為人體血壓波形測(cè)量方法的研究提供了一種思路。
[Abstract]:According to the 2016> summary of the Chinese cardiovascular disease report, the mortality of cardiovascular disease accounts for the first of the death of the residents, and it is increasing year by year. The prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease should be solved urgently. Pulse pulsation and blood pressure change from heart beat. Clinical research shows that some abnormal information has been contained in the pulse in the early stage of cardiovascular disease. In the signal and arterial blood pressure waveforms, it is of great significance for the clinical medicine and basic medicine to obtain more physiological, pathological information and help to the effective prevention and diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular diseases if it can accurately detect the full pulse information and non-invasive continuous monitoring of blood pressure waveform. The methods of blood pressure measurement and the methods of blood pressure measurement are reviewed in this paper. On the basis of the domestic and foreign research status of the pulse signal detection and analysis methods, the advantages and disadvantages of the existing methods are analyzed. The conclusion is drawn that the pulse information of the current pulse signal detection method is not comprehensive, and the non invasive measurement method of the blood pressure waveform still has many defects, and the detection pulse based on the binocular vision measurement principle is proposed. First, a flexible probe is used to transform the pulse pulsation of the radial artery into the deformation of the probe film, and the change information of the film is captured by an industrial camera, and the pulse pulsation is visualized by the industrial camera, and a comprehensive pulse letter is detected in the image way. In view of the shortage of camera acquisition software, based on the application programming interface of the camera, the dual camera synchronous acquisition software is developed two times under the environment of Microsoft Visual C++2008. With the assistance of the dual port Gigabit Ethernet card and the MP425 data acquisition module, the camera's external trigger mode is used to achieve the stable synchronous acquisition of the dual cameras. And automatic continuous preservation. Select the appropriate high precision calibration board, and self-made backlight, use Zhang Zheng friend calibration method to calibrate the binocular vision system working in the small field of view and in the environment of micro distance. The precision of the calibration result is high and the requirement of pulse amplitude measurement is satisfied. Secondly, the dynamic pulse graph based on the binocular vision pulse detection system is used. According to the deformation of the probe film caused by the pulse pulsation, the image gray level is changed in the frame. The pulse wave is extracted by the common basic image statistics, and the method of obtaining the multipoint pulse wave based on the image entropy is proposed. The method is efficient, the wave stability is good, and the method can be accurately obtained. In order to obtain the actual amplitude of pulse pulsation, a multi point pulse wave extraction method based on the feature point longitudinal displacement is proposed to obtain the actual amplitude of pulse pulsation. The centroid of the feature pattern in the pulse image is extracted as the feature point, and the "bow" scan detection idea will be introduced. The feature points in the image are matched; the spatial position of the feature points is calculated based on the binocular vision theory, and then the longitudinal displacement is extracted. According to the variation of the longitudinal displacement of the multiple feature points, the multi point pulse wave can be obtained to accurately reflect the actual pulse amplitude and pulse pulsation. The waveform effect is superior to the change of the area of the characteristic pattern. Method and method based on image entropy. In addition, the accuracy and validity of the method are verified static and dynamic. On the basis of the longitudinal displacement of multi feature points, the three-dimensional shape of dynamic pulse is obtained. According to the spatial position of multiple feature points at the same time, the three-dimensional shape of thin film is reconstructed at this time, and the result accords with the actual situation; The force deformation of the head film under pulse pulsation, according to the pulse amplitude of multiple feature points at the same time, reconstructs the deformation of the film caused by pulse pulsation at this time. Based on the pulse image sequence, the dynamic pulse three-dimensional shape that changes with time is obtained and the pulse image is presented. The basic concept of pulse width and pulse length is based on the basis of the pulse image sequence. At the same time, the calculation method is defined and the pulse width and the pulse length are calculated on the basis of the dynamic pulse three-dimensional shape. Finally, the blood pressure waveform is obtained based on the pulse wave. The blood pressure simulation platform is constructed to simulate the blood circulation system of the human body, which is used to compare and analyze the relationship between the radial displacement waveform of the vessel wall and the change of the pressure change in the tube, and the binocular vision pulse is obtained. A conclusion is drawn that the detection system is in good agreement with the pressure transmitter, and a research method based on pulse wave is proposed. After analyzing the linear relationship between the pressure of the blood vessel and the radial displacement of the tube wall, the mathematical expression of the blood pressure from the pulse amplitude is deduced and the pulse center is determined as the center of the pulse. The best position of blood pressure waveform was obtained and the blood pressure waveform was estimated preliminarily. A simple linear correlation analysis method was used to determine the pulse characteristic parameters which had strong correlation with the blood pressure value. The systolic and diastolic pressure was obtained by multiple linear regression analysis, and the blood pressure waveform was further revised. In addition, the BP God based on the blood pressure simulation platform was used to preliminarily study the deity based on the blood pressure simulation platform. The method of predicting and simulating the intravascular pressure waveform by network provides a new idea for the research of measuring the blood pressure waveform.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：蘭州理工大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：R443.5;TP391.41

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