黃土塬區(qū)農(nóng)田土壤—植物—大氣連續(xù)體水量平衡研究
發(fā)布時(shí)間:2019-06-19 18:05
【摘要】:本研究以黃土高原溝壑區(qū)農(nóng)田生態(tài)系統(tǒng)為研究對(duì)象,圍繞著農(nóng)田生態(tài)系統(tǒng)水量平衡過(guò)程,在定點(diǎn)監(jiān)測(cè)的基礎(chǔ)上,系統(tǒng)的分析了玉米的冠層截留特征及影響因素,農(nóng)田蒸散的變化特征及影響因素,果樹(shù)-農(nóng)田土地利用方式下農(nóng)田土壤水分的時(shí)空分布特征,同時(shí)分析了月尺度上農(nóng)田生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的水量平衡狀況,得出的主要結(jié)論如下:1.不同雨量級(jí)(0.1-4.9 mm,5.0-14.9 mm,15.0-29.9 mm)降雨經(jīng)玉米冠層再分配后,冠層截留量分別為1.1 mm、2.6 mm、13.0 mm,冠層截留率分別為12.3%、12.1%、15.3%,平均值為13.3%。建立了玉米冠層截留率與葉面積指數(shù)和植株株高的回歸方程,相關(guān)性顯著;分別建立了各氣象因子與玉米冠層截留量的回歸方程,其中降雨歷時(shí)和水汽壓差分別與冠層截留量呈極顯著冪函數(shù)相關(guān)關(guān)系;降雨量與冠層截留量呈極顯著指數(shù)函數(shù)相關(guān)關(guān)系。最后,考慮了所有影響因素,建立了冠層截留量與影響因素的復(fù)合關(guān)系模型,相關(guān)系數(shù)R2=0.946。2.降雨對(duì)蒸散的影響較為顯著,降雨后的日蒸散量較降雨前會(huì)有所增加;農(nóng)田0-100cm土壤含水量變異系數(shù)較大,土壤水分變化劇烈,作物根系的集中分布范圍在0-80 cm之間,因此0-100 cm土體水分主要參與蒸散過(guò)程;晴天蒸散的累積量大于陰天,陰天蒸散開(kāi)始的時(shí)間較晴天晚,陰天條件下的蒸散更易受到氣象因子的擾動(dòng);不同天氣條件下凈輻射均為蒸散的主要影響因子,蒸散速率與凈輻射變化趨勢(shì)一致,但在時(shí)間上滯后于凈輻射;在不同的土壤水分環(huán)境條件下,蒸散的過(guò)程和強(qiáng)度差異較大,水分脅迫條件下,全天蒸散量水平較低,“蒸散高地”的持續(xù)時(shí)間較長(zhǎng);而水分相對(duì)充足時(shí),全天蒸散水平較高,“蒸散高地”持續(xù)時(shí)間較短,維持較高的蒸散速率的時(shí)間較長(zhǎng)。3.農(nóng)田和果園土壤含水量受降雨影響顯著且實(shí)時(shí)變化規(guī)律一致,農(nóng)田各土層(0-20、20-60、60-100、100-200、200-300 cm)土壤含水量均高于果園,200-300 cm土層最為明顯,0-200 cm土壤水分變化劇烈。這是由于不同植被的蒸散和生理需水特征不同,最終導(dǎo)致不同土地利用方式下不同土層土壤含水量的差異性。隨著農(nóng)田土壤水分監(jiān)測(cè)點(diǎn)距離果園土壤水分監(jiān)測(cè)點(diǎn)距離的增加(本研究中果園土壤水分監(jiān)測(cè)點(diǎn)與農(nóng)田土壤水分監(jiān)測(cè)點(diǎn)的距離分別為2,6,10,14,18 m),土壤含水量逐漸增加,土壤儲(chǔ)水量的損失量逐漸減少,干燥化現(xiàn)象逐漸消失。4.2012-2014年的年降雨量均低于多年平均降雨量,降水距平均百分率為-17.7%、-10%和-5%,屬于正常年,雨季降雨量占全年降雨量比例均高于多年平均雨季降雨量所占比例。但是根據(jù)當(dāng)?shù)貙?shí)際情況,降雨分配不均,雨季出現(xiàn)大暴雨情況,因此觀測(cè)年份降雨量對(duì)維持作物正常生長(zhǎng)來(lái)說(shuō)偏小;分析觀測(cè)期的水量平衡狀態(tài)發(fā)現(xiàn),研究時(shí)段內(nèi)的平衡項(xiàng)均較大,雨季降雨能夠使土壤水分得到暫時(shí)的補(bǔ)充,但水量平衡狀況較差。
[Abstract]:In this study, the farmland ecosystem in gully region of the Loess Plateau was taken as the research object, and around the process of water balance of farmland ecosystem, on the basis of fixed-point monitoring, the characteristics and influencing factors of corn canopy interception, the variation characteristics and influencing factors of farmland evaporation, and the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of farmland soil moisture under fruit tree and farmland land use mode were systematically analyzed. At the same time, the water balance of farmland ecosystem on monthly scale is analyzed, and the main conclusions are as follows: 1. After the rainfall of different rainfall orders (0.1 鈮,
本文編號(hào):2502543
[Abstract]:In this study, the farmland ecosystem in gully region of the Loess Plateau was taken as the research object, and around the process of water balance of farmland ecosystem, on the basis of fixed-point monitoring, the characteristics and influencing factors of corn canopy interception, the variation characteristics and influencing factors of farmland evaporation, and the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of farmland soil moisture under fruit tree and farmland land use mode were systematically analyzed. At the same time, the water balance of farmland ecosystem on monthly scale is analyzed, and the main conclusions are as follows: 1. After the rainfall of different rainfall orders (0.1 鈮,
本文編號(hào):2502543
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