【摘要】：沿著由高到低的緯度梯度,分別在塔河、帶嶺、帽兒山的農(nóng)田生境選擇研究樣地,采用手撿法調(diào)查不同緯度農(nóng)田生態(tài)系統(tǒng)大型土壤動(dòng)物的群落組成、水平結(jié)構(gòu)、垂直結(jié)構(gòu)和多樣性特征,并運(yùn)用雙變量相關(guān)分析及典范對(duì)應(yīng)分析闡明土壤動(dòng)物群落和環(huán)境因子的相互關(guān)系,旨在揭示黑龍江省不同緯度梯度農(nóng)田大型土壤動(dòng)物群落分布特征及其影響因素。調(diào)查共捕獲大型土壤動(dòng)物35類(lèi)2339只,隸屬于2門(mén)6綱14目35科。其中線(xiàn)蚓科(Enchytraeidae)、正蚓科(Lumbricidae)、步甲科(Carabida)、隱翅蟲(chóng)科(Staphylinidae)為優(yōu)勢(shì)類(lèi)群,其個(gè)體數(shù)占總個(gè)體數(shù)的58.84%;常見(jiàn)類(lèi)群為蟻科(Formicidae)、蜘蛛目(Araneida)和地蜈蚣目(Geophilomorpha)等8類(lèi),其個(gè)體數(shù)占總個(gè)體數(shù)的32.79%。結(jié)果表明:(1)水平分布上:大型土壤動(dòng)物個(gè)體密度和豐富度(即類(lèi)群數(shù))的水平分布均表現(xiàn)為帽兒山帶嶺塔河,單因素方差分析表明大型土壤動(dòng)物的個(gè)體密度和豐富度在不同緯度地區(qū)無(wú)顯著差異。Shannon-wiener多樣性指數(shù)(H')和Pielou均勻度指數(shù)(E)均為帽兒山帶嶺塔河;Simpson優(yōu)勢(shì)度指數(shù)(C)表現(xiàn)為塔河和帶嶺最高,帽兒山最少;Margalef豐富度指數(shù)(D)則是塔河最多,其次為帽兒山和帶嶺。(2)垂直分布上:3個(gè)不同緯度樣地的農(nóng)田土壤動(dòng)物個(gè)體密度和豐富度在同垂直層次間不存在明顯差異(P0.05)。除帽兒山5—10 cm土層土壤動(dòng)物類(lèi)群數(shù)量較表層增加之外,其他樣地大型土壤動(dòng)物個(gè)體密度和豐富度均隨土層深度的增加而逐漸降低,表聚性明顯。(3)與土壤環(huán)境因子關(guān)系上:雙變量相關(guān)分析表明,不同緯度農(nóng)田大型土壤動(dòng)物的類(lèi)群數(shù)、個(gè)體密度、多樣性指數(shù)、均勻度指數(shù)和優(yōu)勢(shì)度指數(shù)與土壤p H值、有機(jī)質(zhì)、全氮、全磷和速效磷均沒(méi)有顯著的相關(guān)性;典范對(duì)應(yīng)分析(CCA)進(jìn)一步表明,優(yōu)勢(shì)類(lèi)群和常見(jiàn)類(lèi)群對(duì)環(huán)境因子具有較強(qiáng)的適應(yīng)能力,廣泛的分布在3個(gè)樣地內(nèi)。研究表明,農(nóng)田生態(tài)系統(tǒng)大型土壤動(dòng)物的類(lèi)群數(shù)、個(gè)體密度和多樣性指數(shù)隨緯度梯度的增加先增加后減少,但不同緯度間均無(wú)顯著性差異。不同土壤動(dòng)物類(lèi)群受到環(huán)境變量的影響程度不同,在局地尺度環(huán)境因子對(duì)土壤動(dòng)物的影響不容忽視。研究為區(qū)域尺度農(nóng)田生態(tài)系統(tǒng)土壤動(dòng)物空間格局和生物多樣性維持機(jī)制研究奠定基礎(chǔ)。
[Abstract]:Along the gradient from high to low latitudes, farmland habitat selection in Tahe, Danling and Maoershan was studied. The community composition and horizontal structure of macrofauna in farmland ecosystem of different latitudes were investigated by hand picking method. The relationship between soil fauna community and environmental factors was elucidated by using bivariate correlation analysis and canonical correspondence analysis. The purpose of this study was to reveal the distribution characteristics of macrofauna community in farmland with different latitudes in Heilongjiang Province and its influencing factors. A total of 2339 large soil animals belonging to 2 phyla, 6 classes, 14 orders and 35 families were captured. The dominant group was (Staphylinidae) of (Carabida), in (Lumbricidae), of (Enchytraeidae), and the number of individuals accounted for 58.84% of the total number of individuals. The common groups are (Formicidae), (Araneida) and (Geophilomorpha), which account for 32.79% of the total number of individuals. The results showed that: (1) the horizontal distribution of individual density and abundance of macrofauna (I. e., the number of groups) in the soil showed that the horizontal distribution of individual density and abundance of macrofauna was in the Maoershan Dailing Ta River. Univariate analysis of variance showed that there was no significant difference in individual density and richness of macrofauna in different latitudes. Shannon-wiener diversity index (H') and Pielou evenness index (E) were both in Maoershan Danling River. The Simpson dominance index (C) was the highest in Tahe and Danling, and the lowest in Maoershan. The Margalef richness index (D) is the largest in the Tahe River. (2) Vertical distribution: there was no significant difference in individual density and richness of soil animals in three different latitudes (P0.05). The individual density and abundance of soil macrofauna decreased with the increase of soil depth in other plots except that the number of soil fauna in the soil layer of 5 cm to 10 cm in Maoershan increased compared with the surface layer, and the individual density and abundance of soil macrofauna decreased with the increase of soil depth. (3) Bivariate correlation analysis showed that the number of soil macrofauna, individual density, diversity index, evenness index and dominance index were related to soil pH value. There was no significant correlation among organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and available phosphorus. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) further showed that dominant groups and common groups had strong adaptability to environmental factors and were widely distributed in three plots. The results showed that the number of groups individual density and diversity index of macrofauna in farmland ecosystem increased first and then decreased with the increase of latitude gradient but there was no significant difference between different latitudes. Different soil fauna groups are affected by environmental variables to different extent, and the effects of environmental factors on soil animals at local scale can not be ignored. The study lays a foundation for the study of spatial pattern of soil fauna and the maintenance mechanism of biodiversity in farmland ecosystem on a regional scale.
【作者單位】： 地理科學(xué)學(xué)院哈爾濱師范大學(xué);黑龍江省普通高等學(xué)校地理環(huán)境遙感監(jiān)測(cè)重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室哈爾濱師范大學(xué);
【基金】：國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(41471037,41371072,41430857) 黑龍江省普通本科高等學(xué)校青年創(chuàng)新人才培養(yǎng)計(jì)劃(UNPYSCT-2015054)
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：S154.5

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