【摘要】：為研究人工草地和棄耕地植被在自然封禁恢復(fù)過程中植被群落各生態(tài)指標(biāo)的變化特征和演替規(guī)律,分別選取位于黃土高原水蝕風(fēng)蝕交錯(cuò)區(qū)的陜西省榆林市神木縣六道溝流域紫花苜蓿人工草地和棄耕地為研究對象,以空間代替時(shí)間的方法研究了紫花苜蓿人工草地和棄耕地封禁后的群落植被演替過程。在此基礎(chǔ)上,分析了不同植被類型樣地土壤水分特征和地上生物量差異,提出在植被恢復(fù)建設(shè)過程中構(gòu)建復(fù)合植被可以更合理有效利用有限水資源、縮短植被恢復(fù)建設(shè)進(jìn)程和防控土壤侵蝕。主要對紫花苜蓿人工草地進(jìn)行回訪調(diào)查,對棄耕地進(jìn)行群落特征調(diào)查,測定植被的株高、蓋度、密度、物種豐富度等指標(biāo);同時(shí)對選取的不同植被類型樣地進(jìn)行植被冠層高度、地表植被蓋度、葉面積指數(shù)、地上生物量、物種豐富度、土壤含水量、表層土壤容重和土壤飽和導(dǎo)水率等指標(biāo)的測量。結(jié)果表明:(1)紫花苜蓿人工草地在經(jīng)過11年的自然恢復(fù)演替,除Margalef指數(shù)外,Gleason指數(shù)、Shannon-Wiener指數(shù)和均勻度指數(shù)均具有相似的變化趨勢,即2014年的調(diào)查結(jié)果普遍高于2004年的調(diào)查結(jié)果,群落物種豐富度、物種多樣性和均勻度均有顯著提高;樣方內(nèi)共出現(xiàn)高等植物42種,增加了10種,其中豆科6屬7種,減少了2種;菊科6屬9種,增加了2種;禾本科8屬9種,增加了3屬4種;群落內(nèi)豆科、菊科和禾本科三大科合計(jì)分別占屬種總數(shù)的58.8%和59.5%。(2)根據(jù)自然恢復(fù)40年左右的紫花苜蓿人工草地植物群落優(yōu)勢種與植物多樣性的變化特征,發(fā)現(xiàn)在水分條件較好的陰坡出現(xiàn)向鐵桿蒿-長芒草半灌木次生天然草地演替的趨勢,而陽坡的演替趨勢仍為長芒草次生天然草地。(3)不同年限棄耕地調(diào)查樣方內(nèi)共出現(xiàn)高等植物38種,分屬于13科34屬,其中豆科6屬7種、菊科9屬10種、禾本科7屬7種,三大科植物在棄耕地自然恢復(fù)演替過程中占據(jù)主要地位。在恢復(fù)演替的12年和21年,陰坡棄耕地科屬種的數(shù)量和物種豐富度指數(shù)(Gleason指數(shù)和Margalef指數(shù))、物種多樣性指數(shù)(Shannon-Wiener指數(shù))以及均勻度指數(shù)均高于陽坡棄耕地,群落科屬種數(shù)量增加的主要原因在于群落物種豐富度的增加。(4)在種植紫花苜蓿人工草地和棄耕地自然撂荒封禁兩種植被恢復(fù)方式下,種植紫花苜蓿人工草地這一恢復(fù)方式要早于棄耕地的自然恢復(fù)演替進(jìn)程。(5)在黃土高原水蝕風(fēng)蝕交錯(cuò)區(qū)的六道溝流域內(nèi),深根性植物與淺根性植物復(fù)合后其冠層高度、地表植被蓋度、葉面積指數(shù)和地上生物量均顯著提高;土壤表層含水量顯著增加;物種豐富度也呈現(xiàn)增加趨勢。影響復(fù)合植被和單一植被地上生物量差異的主要因素是復(fù)合植被根系和單一植被根系對水分的吸收利用差異,以及深根性灌木和淺根性草本植物對不同深度土壤水分的利用差異。(6)在植被恢復(fù)建設(shè)過程中,深根性植物宜與淺根性植物搭配種植營造復(fù)合植被,可以合理有效利用有限水資源,提高植被地上生物量、冠層高度和地表植被蓋度,加速植被恢復(fù)建設(shè)進(jìn)程,從而可以有效控制該區(qū)的水蝕與風(fēng)蝕作用。
[Abstract]:In order to study the variation characteristics and succession law of the ecological indices of the vegetation community in artificial grassland and abandoned farmland during the process of natural closure and restoration, the alfalfa artificial grassland and abandoned farmland in Liudaogou watershed of Shenmu County, Yulin City, Shaanxi Province, located in the water erosion and wind erosion crisscross region of the Loess Plateau, were selected as the research objects. Methods The succession process of community vegetation in alfalfa artificial grassland and abandoned farmland was studied. On this basis, the soil water characteristics and aboveground biomass differences of different vegetation types were analyzed. It was suggested that the construction of composite vegetation could make more rational and effective use of limited water resources and shorten the vegetation restoration process. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the community characteristics of abandoned farmland and determine the plant height, coverage, density and species richness of the vegetation. Meanwhile, the canopy height, surface vegetation coverage, leaf area index and aboveground biomass of different vegetation types were measured. Species richness, soil water content, surface soil bulk density and saturated water conductivity were measured. The results showed that: (1) After 11 years of natural restoration succession, except for Margalef index, Gleason index, Shannon-Wiener index and evenness index had similar trends, that is, the results of 2014 survey. The community species richness, species diversity and evenness were significantly improved. There were 42 species of higher plants in the sample plot, including 6 genera, 7 species of Leguminosae, 2 species of Leguminosae, 9 species of Compositae, 2 species of Compositae, 8 genera, 9 species of Gramineae, 4 species of Leguminosae, Compositae and Gramineae. (2) According to the variation characteristics of dominant species and plant diversity in alfalfa artificial grassland which had been restored for 40 years, it was found that there was a trend of succession from the shady slopes with better water conditions to the secondary natural grassland with Artemisia sinensis-Elymus elongata, while the trend of succession in the sunny slopes was still long. (3) There are 38 species of higher plants belonging to 13 families and 34 genera in the sample plots of abandoned cultivated land in different years. Among them, 6 genera and 7 genera of Leguminosae, 10 genera of Compositae, 7 genera of Gramineae, and 7 genera of Gramineae are dominant plants in the natural restoration succession of abandoned cultivated land. Quantity and species richness index (Gleason index and Margalef index), species diversity index (Shannon-Wiener index) and evenness index were higher than those of abandoned farmland on sunny slopes. The main reason for the increase of community species richness was the increase of community species richness. (4) The forbidden cultivation of Alfalfa artificial grassland and abandoned farmland by natural abandonment. Under the two vegetation restoration modes, the Alfalfa Planted artificial grassland was earlier than the natural restoration succession of abandoned farmland. (5) In the Liudaogou watershed of the water erosion and wind erosion crisscross region of the Loess Plateau, the canopy height, surface vegetation coverage, leaf area index and aboveground biomass of the deep-rooted and shallow-rooted plants were significantly higher than those of the shallow-rooted plants. The main factors affecting the above-ground biomass differences between the composite vegetation and the single vegetation are the differences in water absorption and utilization between the composite vegetation roots and the single vegetation roots, as well as the water content of deep-rooted shrubs and shallow-rooted herbs at different depths. (6) In the process of vegetation restoration and construction, deep-rooted plants and shallow-rooted plants should be planted together to construct complex vegetation, which can make rational and effective use of limited water resources, increase aboveground biomass, canopy height and surface vegetation coverage of vegetation, accelerate the process of vegetation restoration and construction, and thus effectively control water erosion and wind erosion in this area. Use.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：西北農(nóng)林科技大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：S157.43

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