【摘要】：研究黑土區(qū)侵蝕溝分布特征及其影響因素將對黑土資源保育和保障國家糧食安全有重要意義。本文以黑龍江省為研究對象,基于野外抽樣調查和遙感影像解譯,以ArcGIS為平臺,分析了黑龍江省侵蝕溝分布特征,探討了降水特征參數(shù)和土地利用對侵蝕溝特征的影響,分析了不同地貌類型區(qū)和侵蝕類型區(qū)的侵蝕溝分布特點,以溝壑密度為指標對全省侵蝕溝治理緊迫性進行了等級劃分。論文取得了如下主要結論:(1)黑龍江省侵蝕溝的總數(shù)量為115516條,發(fā)育期侵蝕溝數(shù)量遠大于穩(wěn)定期侵蝕溝,其中發(fā)育期侵蝕溝數(shù)量占溝道總數(shù)的86.3%,而穩(wěn)定期侵蝕溝數(shù)量占13.7%。發(fā)育期侵蝕溝長度主要分布在100-1000 m區(qū)間,而以200-500m最多,其占全省侵蝕溝總數(shù)量的49.8%。黑龍江省99.73%的侵蝕溝分布在水力侵蝕區(qū)。(2)黑龍江省溝蝕最嚴重的區(qū)域為漫川漫崗區(qū)臺地。全省侵蝕溝分布明顯集中在三個區(qū),第一區(qū)以大興安嶺山地北部南段流水侵蝕丘陵區(qū)和松嫩沖積平原地區(qū)為核心,第二區(qū)以小興安嶺及東部山地西側山前沖積、洪積臺地地區(qū)為核心,第三區(qū)以張廣才嶺、完達山流水侵蝕中低山丘陵寬谷地區(qū)東部及老爺嶺、太平嶺、熔巖臺地低山地區(qū)的七臺河市、雞西市為核心。(3)降水特征對侵蝕溝參數(shù)特征有重要影響。侵蝕溝割裂度和溝壑面積皆受多年平均汛期降水量的影響。侵蝕溝數(shù)量隨多年平均最大1h降水量的增加而增大,但其隨多年平均最大6h和最大24h降水量的變化呈先增加后減少的變化趨勢�？傮w上平均溝道比降隨多年平均最大6h降水量的增加而減小,但侵蝕溝割裂度和溝壑密度則隨多年平均最大6h降水量增加而增大。侵蝕溝平均比降、割裂度、溝壑密度與多年平均最大1h降水量呈二次多項式函數(shù)關系,侵蝕溝數(shù)量、割裂度和溝壑密度皆隨多年平均最大3d的變化呈先增加后減少的變化趨勢。(4)不同土地利用下的侵蝕溝數(shù)量有較大差別,其中農田侵蝕溝占總侵蝕溝數(shù)量的72.4%。侵蝕溝平均溝道比降在草地和林地較高,而侵蝕溝割裂度和溝壑密度在農田最大。農田侵蝕溝數(shù)量最大但平均溝道長度最小,說明農田侵蝕溝大多處于發(fā)育期。(5)以溝壑密度為指標,將侵蝕溝治理緊迫性劃分為極緊迫、緊迫、較緊迫和不緊迫四個等級,并以地(市)和縣級行政區(qū)域為單元,對全省侵蝕溝治理緊迫性進行了等級劃分。
[Abstract]:It is very important to study the distribution characteristics of erosion gullies in black soil area and its influencing factors for the conservation of black soil resources and the guarantee of national food security. Taking Heilongjiang Province as the research object, based on field sampling investigation and remote sensing image interpretation, the distribution characteristics of erosion gullies in Heilongjiang Province are analyzed on the platform of ArcGIS, and the effects of precipitation parameters and land use on erosion gully characteristics are discussed. The distribution characteristics of erosion gullies in different geomorphological and erosion regions are analyzed. The urgency of controlling erosion gullies in the province is classified according to gully density. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) the total number of erosion gullies in Heilongjiang Province is 115516, and the number of erosive gullies in the developmental period is much larger than that in the stable period, in which the number of erosion ditches in the developmental period accounts for 86.3% of the total number of channels, and the number of erosion gullies in the stable period accounts for 13.7%. The length of erosion ditch is mainly distributed in the range of 100-1000 m during the development period, and the maximum is 200-500 m, which accounts for 49.8% of the total number of erosion ditch in the whole province. 99.73% of the erosion gullies in Heilongjiang Province are distributed in hydraulic erosion areas. (2) the most serious gully erosion area in Heilongjiang Province is the platform in Manchuan mangang area. The distribution of erosion gullies in the whole province is obviously concentrated in three regions. The first area is composed of flowing erosion hilly area and Songnen alluvial plain area in the northern part of Daxing'an Mountains, and the second area is alluvial in front of Xiaoxing'an Mountains and the west side of the eastern mountains. The third area is composed of Zhang Guangcailing, Wanda Mountain, and Wanda Mountain, which erode Qitaihe City in the eastern part of the low- and middle-income hilly and wide valley areas and in Laoyeiling, Taiping Mountains, and low mountain areas of lava terraces, the third area of which is composed of Zhang Guangcailing and Wanda Mountain. Jixi City is the core. (3) the characteristics of precipitation have important influence on the parameters of erosion ditch. Erosion gully cleavage and gully area are affected by the annual average precipitation in flood season. The number of erosion ditch increased with the increase of annual average maximum 1 h precipitation, but the variation of erosion ditch increased first and then decreased with the maximum annual maximum 6 h and 24 h precipitation. As a whole, the average channel ratio decreases with the increase of the annual average maximum 6 h precipitation, but the erosion gully cleavage degree and gully density increase with the increase of the annual average maximum 6 h precipitation. The average ratio of erosion ditch, the degree of cleavage, the density of gully and the annual average maximum 1 h precipitation are quadratic polynomial function, and the number of erosion ditch. The degree of cleavage and the density of gully increased firstly and then decreased with the change of annual average maximum of 3 days. (4) the number of erosion gullies under different land use had great difference, among which the farmland erosion ditch accounted for 72.4% of the total erosion ditch number. The average channel ratio of erosion ditch is higher than that of grassland and woodland, while the degree of gully cleavage and the density of gully are the highest in farmland. The number of erosion gullies in farmland is the largest but the average channel length is the smallest, which indicates that most of the erosion gullies are in the developing period. (5) the urgency of controlling erosion gullies is divided into four grades: urgent, urgent and not urgent, based on gully density. Taking the prefecture (city) and county administrative area as the unit, the urgency of controlling the erosion ditch in the whole province is classified.
【學位授予單位】：西北農林科技大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：S157.1

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