【摘要】：作為土壤改良劑,施用生物質(zhì)炭是一種改善貧瘠或退化土地的有效手段。雖然生物質(zhì)炭可以增加植物的養(yǎng)分供應(yīng),改善土壤的物理化學(xué)性質(zhì)和微生物特性,但仍缺乏生物質(zhì)炭對(duì)土壤動(dòng)物群落影響的研究。本研究在結(jié)合田間定位試驗(yàn)和室內(nèi)培養(yǎng)試驗(yàn),探討了不同量的生物質(zhì)炭與氮肥配施對(duì)紅壤物理化學(xué)性質(zhì)、功能指標(biāo)和土壤生物群落、作物生長(zhǎng)的影響�；谔镩g定位試驗(yàn),本研究首先探討了不同用量的生物質(zhì)炭與氮肥配施對(duì)干旱期和濕潤(rùn)期紅壤微生物性質(zhì)和線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)群落的影響。結(jié)果表明:(1)生物質(zhì)炭在干旱期和濕潤(rùn)期均顯著影響土壤含水量和pH(P0.05)。隨著生物質(zhì)炭用量的增加,土壤含水量呈先上升后下降的趨勢(shì),而土壤pH值保持上升趨勢(shì)。(2)土壤微生物生物量碳氮、碳氮比及基礎(chǔ)呼吸均受到生物質(zhì)炭和氮肥的顯著影響,且低量生物質(zhì)炭對(duì)微生物生物量碳氮、碳氮比及基礎(chǔ)呼吸有刺激作用,而高量生物質(zhì)炭則對(duì)其有抑制作用。如生物質(zhì)炭施用量低于30 thm-2時(shí),在干旱期和濕潤(rùn)期時(shí)均促進(jìn)土壤微生物活性。此外,生物質(zhì)炭的效果也依賴(lài)于不同采樣時(shí)期。如在施用量高于30 thm-2時(shí),微生物生物量碳在干旱期顯著高于對(duì)照,在濕潤(rùn)期與對(duì)照無(wú)顯著差異;而微生物生物量氮?jiǎng)t呈相反趨勢(shì)。(3)可溶性有機(jī)物和礦質(zhì)氮在干旱期受到生物質(zhì)炭和氮肥的顯著影響(P0.01),但在濕潤(rùn)期時(shí)僅受到氮肥的影響�？扇苄杂袡C(jī)物和礦質(zhì)氮隨生物質(zhì)炭用量的增加呈下降趨勢(shì)。(4)生物質(zhì)炭、氮肥及二者的交互作用在干旱期和濕潤(rùn)期均顯著影響線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)數(shù)量及營(yíng)養(yǎng)類(lèi)群的結(jié)構(gòu)。高量生物質(zhì)炭和氮肥配施提高土壤線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)的數(shù)量。值得注意的是,生物質(zhì)炭顯著提高了干旱期食真菌線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)的比例,尤其在干旱期趨勢(shì)明顯,暗示生物質(zhì)炭作用下土壤食物網(wǎng)結(jié)構(gòu)趨向于以真菌主導(dǎo)的能流通道。(5)冗余分析表明土壤微生物性質(zhì)、土壤養(yǎng)分與線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)群落顯著相關(guān)。在干旱期,可溶性碳氮、礦質(zhì)氮、含水量、pH和基礎(chǔ)呼吸與線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)群落關(guān)系較密切;在濕潤(rùn)期,可溶性碳氮、礦質(zhì)氮、微生物生物量氮和微生物量碳氮比與線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)群落聯(lián)系密切。在田間試驗(yàn)調(diào)查的基礎(chǔ)上,通過(guò)盆栽調(diào)控試驗(yàn)進(jìn)一步在玻璃溫室控制條件下研究了不同用量生物質(zhì)炭和氮肥配施對(duì)土壤理化性質(zhì)、微生物學(xué)性質(zhì)、土壤功能及微型動(dòng)物(原生動(dòng)物和線(xiàn)蟲(chóng))的影響。結(jié)果表明:(1)生物質(zhì)炭、氮肥及二者交互作用顯著影響土壤濕度和pH,在油菜開(kāi)花期和成熟期時(shí),隨生物質(zhì)炭施用量的增加,土壤含水量降低而土壤pH呈上升趨勢(shì)。采樣時(shí)間對(duì)土壤濕度和pH的影響達(dá)到極顯著水平(P0.01)。(2)生物質(zhì)炭和氮肥顯著影響可溶性有機(jī)物、礦質(zhì)氮和速效磷,且其交互作用對(duì)礦質(zhì)氮影響顯著。在開(kāi)花期和成熟期時(shí),單施生物質(zhì)炭降低了土壤可溶性有機(jī)碳和氮的含量,而增加了土壤速效磷含量。與開(kāi)花期相比,成熟期時(shí)生物質(zhì)炭和氮肥配施提高了可溶性有機(jī)物和礦質(zhì)氮含量,降低了速效磷含量。(3)土壤微生物生物量碳受到生物質(zhì)炭的顯著影響。在開(kāi)花期和成熟期時(shí),隨生物質(zhì)炭用量的增加,土壤微生物碳氮一般呈現(xiàn)先升高后下降的趨勢(shì)。氮肥顯著影響土壤微生物活性,且與生物質(zhì)炭交互作用達(dá)到顯著水平。開(kāi)花期時(shí),施入生物質(zhì)炭促進(jìn)土壤微生物活性;成熟期時(shí)處理間則無(wú)明顯差異。采樣時(shí)間對(duì)基礎(chǔ)呼吸、微生物生物量磷的影響達(dá)到極顯著水平。(4)在開(kāi)花期時(shí),生物質(zhì)炭提高了鞭毛蟲(chóng)的數(shù)量,降低了變形蟲(chóng)和線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)的數(shù)量;在成熟期時(shí),隨生物質(zhì)炭用量的增加,原生動(dòng)物數(shù)量和線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)數(shù)量呈下降趨勢(shì);與開(kāi)花期相比,成熟期食細(xì)菌線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)比例下降,其他營(yíng)養(yǎng)類(lèi)群的比例則呈增加趨勢(shì)。成熟期時(shí),生物質(zhì)炭和氮肥配施提高了食真菌線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)的比例,降低了線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)通道指數(shù),表明以真菌為主導(dǎo)的能流通道逐漸加強(qiáng)。(5)非度量多維尺度分析表明,采樣時(shí)間影響土壤線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)群落的程度比處理之間的差異更大。由相關(guān)分析得到,可溶性碳氮、含水量、速效磷、pH和土壤基礎(chǔ)呼吸對(duì)線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)群落的影響較大。(6)參與土壤碳、氮、磷循環(huán)的酶活性受到生物質(zhì)炭和氮肥及其交互作用的顯著影響。低量生物質(zhì)炭對(duì)酶活性有一定的刺激作用,高量生物質(zhì)炭則抑制酶活性。生物質(zhì)炭和氮肥配施后,酶活性在成熟期時(shí)最低。此外,表征碳、氮、磷循環(huán)的酶及其總酶與土壤含水量、速效磷、礦質(zhì)氮和基礎(chǔ)呼吸呈顯著正相關(guān),而與可溶性碳氮、微生物生物量磷顯著負(fù)相關(guān)。(7)生物質(zhì)炭、氮肥及其交互作用對(duì)油菜生物量有極顯著影響(P0.01)。油菜開(kāi)花期和成熟期,生物質(zhì)炭和氮肥配施有明顯的協(xié)同交互作用,即高量生物質(zhì)炭和高量氮肥配施時(shí),油菜生物量最高。油菜產(chǎn)量受到生物質(zhì)炭的顯著影響(P0.05),生物質(zhì)炭施用量的增加也伴隨著油菜產(chǎn)量的顯著增加。其中,油菜產(chǎn)量和植株生物量與pH呈正相關(guān),與土壤濕度和礦質(zhì)氮呈顯著負(fù)相關(guān)。田間試驗(yàn)和室內(nèi)培養(yǎng)試驗(yàn)均表明土壤微生物學(xué)性質(zhì)和原生動(dòng)物、線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)群落受到生物質(zhì)炭和氮肥配施的影響。
[Abstract]:Biochar, as a soil amendment, is an effective means to improve poor or degraded land. Although it can increase the nutrient supply of plants and improve the physical and chemical properties and microbial characteristics of soil, there is still a lack of research on the effects of biochar on soil fauna communities. This study is conducted in combination with field experiments and laboratories. The effects of different amounts of biomass carbon and nitrogen fertilizer on the physicochemical properties, functional indices, soil biological community and crop growth of red soil were studied in the field incubation experiment. The results showed that: (1) Biochar significantly affected soil water content and pH during drought and wet periods (P 0.05). With the increase of biomass carbon, soil water content increased first and then decreased, while soil pH maintained an upward trend. (2) Soil microbial biomass C-N, C-N ratio and basal respiration were all affected by biochar. The low biomass char could stimulate the microbial biomass C N, C N ratio and basal respiration, while the high biomass char could inhibit it. For example, when the biomass char application rate was lower than 30 thm-2, the soil microbial activity was promoted in both dry and wet periods. For example, when the application rate was higher than 30 thm-2, the microbial biomass carbon in drought period was significantly higher than that in control, but there was no significant difference in wet period, while the microbial biomass nitrogen showed the opposite trend. (3) Soluble organic matter and mineral nitrogen were significantly affected by biomass carbon and nitrogen fertilizer in drought period (P 0.01), but in wet period. Soluble organic matter and mineral nitrogen decreased with the increase of biomass carbon application. (4) Biochar, nitrogen fertilizer and their interaction significantly affected the number of nematodes and the structure of vegetative groups during drought and wet periods. Biochar significantly increased the proportion of fungi-eating nematodes during drought, especially during drought, suggesting that the structure of soil food web tended to be fungal-dominated energy-flow pathway. Mineral nitrogen, water content, pH and basal respiration were closely related to nematode community; soluble carbon and nitrogen, mineral nitrogen, microbial biomass nitrogen and microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen ratio were closely related to nematode community in wet period. The results showed that: (1) Biochar, nitrogen fertilizer and their interaction significantly affected soil moisture and pH. At flowering and maturing stages of rape, soil water content increased with the increase of biomass char application. The effect of sampling time on soil moisture and pH reached a very significant level (P 0.01). (2) Biochar and nitrogen fertilizer significantly affected soluble organic matter, mineral nitrogen and available phosphorus, and their interaction had a significant effect on mineral nitrogen. Compared with flowering stage, the content of soluble organic matter and mineral nitrogen was increased and the content of available phosphorus was decreased at maturity stage. (3) Soil microbial biomass carbon was significantly affected by biomass carbon. Soil microbial C and N increased first and then decreased. Nitrogen fertilizer significantly affected soil microbial activity, and the interaction with biomass carbon reached a significant level. (4) Biochar increased the number of flagellates and decreased the number of amoebas and nematodes at flowering stage, decreased the number of protozoa and nematodes at maturity stage, and decreased the proportion of bacterial-eating nematodes at maturity stage compared with flowering stage. At maturity stage, the proportion of fungal nematodes increased and the nematode channel index decreased with the application of biomass carbon and nitrogen fertilizer. (5) Non-metric multidimensional scale analysis showed that sampling time affected soil nematode community more than the difference between treatments. (6) Enzyme activities involved in soil carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus cycling were significantly affected by biomass carbon and nitrogen fertilizer and their interactions. Low biomass carbon stimulated enzyme activities, while high biomass carbon stimulated enzyme activities. Inhibitory enzyme activity was lowest at maturity stage after application of biomass carbon and nitrogen fertilizer. In addition, enzymes and total enzymes characterizing carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus cycling were positively correlated with soil water content, available phosphorus, mineral nitrogen and basal respiration, but negatively correlated with soluble carbon and nitrogen and microbial biomass phosphorus. The biomass of rape was significantly affected by the combination of biomass carbon and nitrogen fertilizer at flowering stage and maturity stage (P 0.01). The biomass of rape was the highest when high biomass carbon and nitrogen fertilizer were applied together. The yield of rape was significantly affected by biomass carbon (P 0.05), and the increase of biomass carbon application was accompanied by the increase of biomass carbon application rate. The yield of rape and plant biomass were positively correlated with pH, negatively correlated with soil moisture and mineral nitrogen. Field and laboratory experiments showed that soil microbial properties and protozoa, nematode communities were affected by the combination of biomass carbon and nitrogen fertilizer.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：南京農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：S154

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