本文選題：有機(jī)固廢 + 污泥堆肥��； 參考：《揚(yáng)州大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：隨著我國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)和工業(yè)的快速發(fā)展以及城市生活水平的提高,我國(guó)有機(jī)固體廢棄物的產(chǎn)量逐年增加。有機(jī)固廢來(lái)源十分廣泛,種類繁多,成分復(fù)雜,產(chǎn)生量巨大。有機(jī)固廢亂堆亂排亂放,得不到合理有效的處理處置,一方面會(huì)造成大量土地資源被占用和有機(jī)資源的浪費(fèi),另一方面會(huì)造成嚴(yán)重的環(huán)境污染以及對(duì)人體健康的危害。好氧堆肥是目前國(guó)內(nèi)外應(yīng)用比較廣泛的污泥處置方式,是解決可生物降解有機(jī)固廢的有效途徑之一。好氧堆肥化過(guò)程是一個(gè)較為復(fù)雜的生物發(fā)酵過(guò)程。不同有機(jī)物轉(zhuǎn)化過(guò)程中,由于其本身物質(zhì)組成的不同和C/N的不同,產(chǎn)生的中間產(chǎn)物種類和量也會(huì)有所不同。pH值對(duì)參與發(fā)酵過(guò)程的微生物區(qū)系組成和作用效率均有較大影響,通過(guò)對(duì)原料的合理配置從而將pH值控制在合理的范圍內(nèi)不僅影響到發(fā)酵的過(guò)程,也會(huì)影響到產(chǎn)物的性質(zhì)特別是包括產(chǎn)物的pH,但有關(guān)這方面的研究很少。本文通過(guò)以下三個(gè)不同規(guī)模的試驗(yàn)對(duì)有機(jī)固廢好氧發(fā)酵過(guò)程的pH變化規(guī)律進(jìn)行了探究。(1)在實(shí)驗(yàn)室條件下對(duì)三種具有不同C/N比的有機(jī)固廢材料(小麥秸稈、毛豆葉、牛糞)進(jìn)行的單獨(dú)好氣礦化培養(yǎng)試驗(yàn):將麥秸稈、毛豆葉和牛糞三種材料分別以1:20質(zhì)量比與石英砂充分混合均勻,加入相同體積的土壤提取液,調(diào)至最大持水量的50%,于恒溫30℃進(jìn)行為期30天的培養(yǎng)試驗(yàn),測(cè)定培養(yǎng)過(guò)程中的pH、全氮、銨態(tài)氮、硝態(tài)氮、CO2釋放速率。(2)利用木屑、水稻秸稈、玉米秸稈與污泥混合進(jìn)行小堆體好氧發(fā)酵試驗(yàn):設(shè)置污泥與材料的濕重比為6:1,好氧發(fā)酵全過(guò)程60天,發(fā)酵過(guò)程中測(cè)定溫度、pH、TOC、DOC、全氮、銨態(tài)氮、硝態(tài)氮。(3)工廠化生產(chǎn)條件下進(jìn)行的藥渣與污泥不同混合比發(fā)酵試驗(yàn):設(shè)置藥渣與污泥的體積比分別為0.5:1、1:1、1.5:1和2:1共四個(gè)處理,發(fā)酵堆肥全長(zhǎng)58天,測(cè)定堆肥過(guò)程中的溫度、pH、銨態(tài)氮、硝態(tài)氮、有機(jī)碳等。通過(guò)三個(gè)不同規(guī)模的試驗(yàn),初步得到以下結(jié)論:(1)試驗(yàn)室單獨(dú)好氣培養(yǎng)發(fā)現(xiàn),有機(jī)碳的礦化與有機(jī)材料本身總有機(jī)碳和可溶性有機(jī)碳的含量有關(guān)。高含量總有機(jī)碳和可溶性有機(jī)碳會(huì)增加材料的有機(jī)碳分解和CO2釋放量。有機(jī)材料的氮釋放與含氮量及C/N比有一定的聯(lián)系:較高的氮含量和較低的C/N比會(huì)促進(jìn)氮的釋放,并且在培養(yǎng)初期釋放量最多,釋放速率最快。(2)試驗(yàn)室單獨(dú)好氣培養(yǎng)結(jié)果顯示,在好氣培養(yǎng)過(guò)程中,C/N比較小的牛糞與毛豆葉處理的銨態(tài)氮和硝態(tài)氮呈現(xiàn)此消彼長(zhǎng)的狀態(tài),意味著銨態(tài)氮向硝態(tài)氮的轉(zhuǎn)化。但C/N比較大的麥秸稈在培養(yǎng)過(guò)程中,其銨態(tài)氮和硝態(tài)氮之間這種關(guān)系不夠明顯。材料在培養(yǎng)初期發(fā)生的氨化作用會(huì)導(dǎo)致pH的上升,隨后的銨態(tài)氮向硝態(tài)氮的轉(zhuǎn)化會(huì)導(dǎo)致pH值的下降。C/N最低的毛豆葉在培養(yǎng)結(jié)束時(shí)的pH增加最多。(3)由于礦化過(guò)程中有機(jī)酸的脫羧作用屬于消耗H+的過(guò)程,會(huì)導(dǎo)致pH值的升高,因此材料體內(nèi)的DOC含量和有機(jī)酸含量對(duì)產(chǎn)物pH有著極大的影響。試驗(yàn)的結(jié)果證實(shí),三種材料最終pH的升高程度是毛豆葉麥秸稈牛糞,這與它們體內(nèi)可溶性有機(jī)碳與有機(jī)酸的含量順序是一致的。(4)三種材料的小堆體污泥發(fā)酵試驗(yàn)表明,由于堆體中的污泥部分含氮量較高,其中的氮釋放后最終會(huì)大部分轉(zhuǎn)化成硝酸根,釋放出大量H+,因此添加三種材料后的污泥堆肥的最終堆體pH均低于最初的堆體pH。(5)小堆體好氧發(fā)酵試驗(yàn)顯示,隨著銨態(tài)氮的下降和硝態(tài)氮的上升,堆體的pH呈現(xiàn)相應(yīng)的下降趨勢(shì)。堆體的最終pH是玉米秸稈處理水稻秸稈處理木屑處理,這與它們體內(nèi)的有機(jī)酸含量順序一致,與實(shí)驗(yàn)室單獨(dú)材料培養(yǎng)試驗(yàn)的結(jié)果也一致,再次證實(shí)了原料中可溶性有機(jī)酸根的含量越高,由于脫羧基的過(guò)程的存在,最終產(chǎn)物的pH也越高。(6)工廠化生產(chǎn)條件下有機(jī)物料好氧堆肥過(guò)程中pH的變化與銨態(tài)氮和硝態(tài)氮的產(chǎn)生和轉(zhuǎn)化有關(guān),氨化作用較強(qiáng)時(shí),銨態(tài)氮上升,pH上升;硝化作用較強(qiáng)時(shí),銨態(tài)氮轉(zhuǎn)化為硝態(tài)氮,pH下降。堆肥起始階段的原料pH影響最終的產(chǎn)物pH,但堆肥過(guò)程的進(jìn)行總體上縮小了它們之間的差異。
[Abstract]:With the rapid development of agriculture and industry in China and the improvement of urban living standards, the production of organic solid wastes in China is increasing year by year. The organic solid waste sources are very wide, various kinds, complex components and huge amount of production. Organic solid waste piles are disorderly arranged and disorderly and disorderly and effective treatment and disposal, on the one hand, a large amount of land capital will be caused. The waste of source and organic resources, on the other hand, will cause serious environmental pollution and harm to human health. Aerobic composting is widely used at home and abroad and is one of the effective ways to solve biodegradable organic solid waste. Aerobic composting is a more complex biological fermentation process. In the process of different organic matter transformation, because of the different composition of the material and the difference of C/N, the type and quantity of the intermediate products produced by the different.PH values have great influence on the microbial flora and the efficiency of the fermentation process. The pH value is controlled in a reasonable range by the rational allocation of the raw materials. The only influence of the process of fermentation will also affect the properties of the products, especially the pH of the products, but there are few studies on this. In this paper, the pH changes in aerobic fermentation process of organic solid waste are investigated by the following three different scales. (1) three kinds of organic solid waste with different C/N ratios under the laboratory conditions. The individual aerobic mineralization culture test (wheat straw, pea leaf, cow dung) was carried out. The three materials of wheat straw, pea leaf and cow dung were mixed evenly with the 1:20 mass ratio and quartz sand, and the same volume of soil extract was added to 50% of the maximum water holding capacity. The culture test was carried out at the constant temperature of 30 C for 30 days, and the cultivation was determined. PH, total nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, CO2 release rate. (2) the use of wood chips, rice straw, corn straw and sludge mixed aerobic fermentation test: the wet weight ratio of the sludge and material is 6:1, the whole process of aerobic fermentation is 60 days, the fermentation process of temperature, pH, TOC, DOC, total nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen. (3) factory production strip The volume ratio of dregs and sludge under different mixed ratio fermentation tests: the volume ratio of dregs and sludge is 0.5:1,1:1,1.5:1 and 2:1 respectively four treatments, the total length of the composting is 58 days, and the temperature, pH, ammonium nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen and organic carbon in the composting process are measured. Through three different scale experiments, the following conclusions are obtained: (1) test room The mineralization of organic carbon is related to the content of organic carbon and soluble organic carbon in organic material itself. The high content of total organic carbon and soluble organic carbon will increase the organic carbon decomposition and CO2 release of the material. The nitrogen release of organic materials is related to the nitrogen content and the C/N ratio: higher nitrogen content and lower C The /N ratio will promote the release of nitrogen, and the release rate is the fastest at the early stage of culture. (2) the results of the aerobic culture in the laboratory show that in the aerobic culture, the ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen treatment of the smaller cow dung and the pea leaf in the aerobic culture shows a state of extinction, which means the conversion of ammonium nitrogen to nitrate nitrogen. But the C/N is larger. In the process of wheat straw culture, the relationship between ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen is not obvious. The ammoniation of the material in the early stage of culture will lead to the rise of pH. The subsequent transformation of ammonium nitrogen to nitrate nitrogen will lead to the decrease of pH value.C/N at the lowest pH at the end of culture. (3) due to the Organic Mineralization Process The decarboxylation of acid belongs to the process of consuming H+, which leads to the increase of pH value. Therefore, the content of DOC and the content of organic acids in the material have a great influence on the product pH. The results of the experiment confirm that the increase of the three materials is the final degree of pH in the soybean leaf wheat straw cow dung, which is in the order of the content of soluble organic carbon and organic acids in their bodies. (4) the small heap sludge fermentation test of three kinds of materials showed that due to the high nitrogen content in the sludge in the heap, most of the nitrogen release would eventually turn into nitrate and release a large amount of H+. Therefore, the final heap of the sludge compost after adding three kinds of materials was lower than the initial pH. (5) small heap aerobic fermentation test. The results showed that with the decrease of ammonium nitrogen and the increase of nitrate nitrogen, the pH of the heap showed a corresponding decline. The final pH of the heap body was treated with corn straw to treat the sawdust, which was in the same order as the organic acid content in the body. It was also consistent with the results of the laboratory test for individual materials in the laboratory, and confirmed the solubility in the raw material again. The higher the content of sexual organic acid root, the pH of the final product is higher because of the decarboxylic process. (6) the change of pH in the aerobic composting process of organic materials is related to the production and transformation of ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen during the process of industrial production. When the ammoniation effect is strong, the ammonium nitrogen rises and pH rises; when the nitrification is strong, the ammonium nitrogen is converted to the ammonium nitrogen. Nitrate nitrogen and pH decreased. The raw material pH of the initial stage of composting affected the final product pH, but the composting process reduced their differences in general.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：揚(yáng)州大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：X705;S141.4

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