本文選題：作物秸稈 + 厭氧和好氣條件　； 參考：《安徽農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)》2015年碩士論文

【摘要】：秸稈還田是維持和提高土壤肥力和作物產(chǎn)量的有效途徑之一。土壤水分狀況是作物秸稈腐解過程中最重要的影響因子,秸稈還田對(duì)土壤肥力的提升雖已有研究,但對(duì)于厭氧和好氣條件下作物秸稈腐解差異的研究少有報(bào)道。本研究采用網(wǎng)袋培養(yǎng)方法,通過室內(nèi)培養(yǎng)結(jié)合田間試驗(yàn)研究小麥、水稻、玉米和油菜秸稈在厭氧和好氣條件下的質(zhì)量殘留量與碳、氮釋放量及纖維素、半纖維素和木質(zhì)素的殘留量的變化特征,運(yùn)用傅里葉變換紅外光譜(fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,FTIR)技術(shù),定性分析作物秸稈在厭氧和好氣條件腐解過程的組分及結(jié)構(gòu)變化特征。主要結(jié)果如下:1、作物秸稈的腐解均呈前期腐解快,中期變慢,后期穩(wěn)定的趨勢(shì)。在培養(yǎng)開始的前30天內(nèi),秸稈殘留質(zhì)量均顯著性降低(P0.05),在30~(-1)80天內(nèi),緩慢下降,在180-360天,秸稈殘留質(zhì)量變化保持穩(wěn)定。厭氧條件秸稈累積腐解率在56.52%-75.23%,好氣條件秸稈累積腐解率在75.61%-83.63%。秸稈碳、氮?dú)埩袅烤S培養(yǎng)時(shí)間延長(zhǎng)而降低,厭氧和好氣條件秸稈碳釋放率分別在80.77%-91.11%和86.56%-97.16%,秸稈氮釋放率分別在62.23%-92.14%和69.64%-92.15%之間。秸稈中半纖維素、纖維素和木質(zhì)素殘留量整體呈下降趨勢(shì)。由于秸稈在田間和室內(nèi)的腐解規(guī)律呈現(xiàn)一定相似性,本文以室內(nèi)結(jié)果為代表著重分析。2、小麥秸稈在好氣和厭氧條件的殘留質(zhì)量、碳和氮?dú)埩袅烤S培養(yǎng)時(shí)間的延長(zhǎng)而降低,且呈前期(0~3個(gè)月)降解較快,而后(3~12個(gè)月)逐漸減緩的趨勢(shì)。用一級(jí)動(dòng)力學(xué)方程(y=y0+a·e-kt)對(duì)小麥秸稈在好氣和厭氧條件的殘留質(zhì)量隨時(shí)間變化進(jìn)行擬合(決定系數(shù)R2均大于0.957),質(zhì)量腐解半衰期分別為72.8和121.9 d,腐解速率常數(shù)(k)分別為0.022 0和0.014 0/d。在好氣條件,小麥秸稈中碳和氮元素釋放速率常數(shù)分別是其在厭氧條件的1.79和1.67倍,小麥秸稈中碳和氮元素的釋放率分別是其在厭氧條件的4.39和1.40倍,且在培養(yǎng)至1個(gè)月時(shí)處理之間呈顯著性差異(P0.05)。小麥秸稈中的纖維素、半纖維素和木質(zhì)素殘留量均隨培養(yǎng)時(shí)間延長(zhǎng)呈下降趨勢(shì)。以上結(jié)果表明,好氣條件更有利于小麥秸稈碳氮元素的釋放,及纖維素、半纖維素和木質(zhì)素的降解,從而更有利于小麥秸稈的降解。4、水稻秸稈還田后,腐解速率表現(xiàn)為前期快、后期較慢的規(guī)律。在360 d培養(yǎng)時(shí)間內(nèi),厭氧和好氣條件下的水稻秸稈腐解率分別為66.44%和71.41%,一級(jí)動(dòng)力學(xué)對(duì)水稻秸稈質(zhì)量殘留進(jìn)行擬合,腐解速率常數(shù)(k)分別為0.019×d~(-1)和0.020×d~(-1),腐解半衰期分別為71.41 d和58.8 d。在厭氧和好氣條件下,水稻秸稈的碳釋放率分別為76.89%和83.81%,碳釋放半衰期別為56.90 d和54.20 d。水稻秸稈中氮的釋放率分別為66.37%和72.16%,水稻秸稈在厭氧條件下的氮?dú)埩袅勘绕湓诤脷鈼l件下高20.81%。隨著培養(yǎng)時(shí)間的延長(zhǎng),水稻秸稈的纖維素、半纖維素和木質(zhì)素殘留量呈降低趨勢(shì),培養(yǎng)結(jié)束時(shí),厭氧條件下秸稈半纖維素、纖維素和木質(zhì)素腐解率分別為91.06%、90.00%、63.09%,均低于好氣條件(95.06%、91.34%、66.76%)5、玉米秸稈各種組分的殘留量隨培養(yǎng)時(shí)間延長(zhǎng)呈下降趨勢(shì),且前期(0~90天)腐解快,后期(90~360天)變慢。一級(jí)動(dòng)力學(xué)方程對(duì)玉米秸稈質(zhì)量殘留率的擬合結(jié)果表明,厭氧和好氣條件下玉米秸稈腐解半衰期分別為79.87天和52.89天。厭氧條件下玉米秸稈碳釋放速率常數(shù)k0(0.545/天)低于其在好氣條件下的k0(0.565/天),好氣條件下玉米秸稈氮的累積釋放率(74.20%)高于厭氧條件(71.42%)。隨著培養(yǎng)時(shí)間的延長(zhǎng),玉米秸稈的纖維素、半纖維素和木質(zhì)素殘留量呈降低趨勢(shì)。在360天內(nèi),好氣條件更有利于玉米秸稈碳、氮元素的礦化和纖維素、半纖維素和木質(zhì)素的腐解,且隨著時(shí)間的延長(zhǎng)差異減小。3、油菜秸稈還田后,腐解速率表現(xiàn)為前期快、后期較慢的規(guī)律。在360 d培養(yǎng)時(shí)間內(nèi),厭氧和好氣條件下的油菜秸稈腐解率分別為60.50%和68.20%,腐解速率常數(shù)(k)分別為0.004×d~(-1)和0.010×d~(-1),腐解半衰期分別為229 d和117 d。在厭氧和好氣條件下,油菜秸稈的碳釋放率分別為70.33%和77.43%,厭氧條件下的釋放速率常數(shù)(0.025×d~(-1))低于好氣條件(0.026×d~(-1))。油菜秸稈中氮的釋放率分別為82.20%和87.48%,油菜秸稈在厭氧條件下的氮?dú)埩袅勘绕湓诤脷鈼l件下高38.25%,且達(dá)到顯著性差異水平(P0.05)。厭氧條件下的氮?dú)埩袈适冀K高于好氣條件下,且在60~90 d培養(yǎng)期內(nèi)差異最大。6、不同作物秸稈腐解培養(yǎng)之前的紅外光譜在波數(shù)為3417cm~(-1)、2922cm~(-1)、1376cm~(-1)、1052cm~(-1)處均有的吸收峰,不同秸稈吸收峰的吸收強(qiáng)度雖有不同,但都表明小麥、油菜、玉米、水稻秸稈中含有水溶性物質(zhì),包括單糖、多糖、蛋白質(zhì)、氨基酸等。隨培養(yǎng)時(shí)間的延長(zhǎng),秸稈紅外光譜圖在波數(shù)為3 430~3 410 cm~(-1)(羥基的伸縮振動(dòng))、2 930 cm~(-1)(亞甲基的伸縮振動(dòng))處、2855cm~(-1)(甲基的伸縮振動(dòng))處的吸收峰吸收強(qiáng)度均有降低,表明秸稈中的碳水化合物減少,脂肪族特征下降。波數(shù)為1740 cm~(-1)、1 419~1 425 cm~(-1)處吸收峰吸收強(qiáng)度的降低,秸稈木質(zhì)素含量略有下降,且厭氧條件下的吸收強(qiáng)度整體高于其在好氣條件下。厭氧條件下,在780~800 cm~(-1)和468-475 cm~(-1)處(硅酸鹽和Si O2等無機(jī)硅化物的吸收帶)的吸收強(qiáng)度均高于好氣條件的值。以上結(jié)果表明,秸稈腐解過程中脂族性下降,芳構(gòu)化程度增強(qiáng)。好氣條件下有利于秸稈中纖維素、半纖維素和脂肪族化合物的分解,提高其芳香性。
[Abstract]:Straw returning is one of the effective ways to maintain and improve soil fertility and crop yield. Soil moisture is the most important factor in the process of crop straw decomposition. Although straw returning to soil fertility has been studied, there are few reports on the difference of crop straw decomposition under anaerobic and aerobic conditions. This study is used in this study. In the field experiment, the quality residue of wheat, rice, corn and rape straw under anaerobic and aerobic conditions and the change characteristics of carbon, nitrogen release and cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin residues were studied by indoor culture and field experiments. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) was used. FTIR) technology, qualitative analysis of the components and structural changes of crop straw in anaerobic and aerobic conditions. The main results are as follows: 1, the decomposition of crop stalks is fast, slow and stable in the middle period. The residue quality of straw is decreased significantly in the first 30 days of culture (P0.05), and in 80 days of 30~ (-1). In the 180-360 day, the residue quality of straw remained stable. The accumulation rate of straw accumulated in anaerobic condition was 56.52%-75.23%, and the accumulation rate of straw accumulation was in 75.61%-83.63%. straw carbon, and the residue of nitrogen decreased with the prolongation of culture time. The carbon release rate of straw in anaerobic and aerobic conditions was in 80.77%-91.11% and 86.56%-97.16%, respectively. The nitrogen release rates of stem nitrogen were between 62.23%-92.14% and 69.64%-92.15%, respectively. The residue of hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin in straw showed a downward trend as a whole. Due to the similarity of the decomposition rule of straw in the field and indoor, the residue quality of.2 and wheat straw in aerobic and anaerobic conditions was emphatically analyzed in this paper. The residue of carbon and nitrogen decreased with the prolongation of the incubation time, and the degradation was faster in the early period (0~3 months) and then gradually slowed down (3~12 months). The residual mass of wheat straw in the aerobic and anaerobic conditions was fitted with time (y=y0+a. E-kt) with the first order kinetic equation (the determining coefficient R2 was greater than 0.957), and the mass decay was semi decaying. The decomposition rate constants (k) were 0.0220 and 0.014 0/d. respectively at 0.0220 and 0.014 0/d., respectively, and the rate constant of carbon and nitrogen release rate was 1.79 and 1.67 times in the anaerobic condition, respectively. The release rate of carbon and nitrogen in wheat straw was 4.39 and 1.40 times in the anaerobic condition, respectively, and during the incubation to 1 months. There was a significant difference between the treatments (P0.05). The cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin residues in wheat straw were all decreased with the prolongation of the culture time. The above results showed that the aerobic condition was more beneficial to the release of carbon and nitrogen elements of wheat straw, and the degradation of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, which was more beneficial to the reduction of wheat straw. After the rice straw was returned to field, the rate of decomposition of rice straw was fast in the early stage and later slower in the later period. In the 360 d culture time, the decomposition rate of rice straw under anaerobic and aerobic conditions was 66.44% and 71.41% respectively. The first order kinetics fitted the residue of rice straw mass, and the rate constant of decomposition rate (k) was 0.019 * d~ (-1) and 0.020 * d~ (-1), respectively. The carbon release rates of rice straw were 76.89% and 83.81% in the anaerobic and aerobic conditions, respectively, with the half-life of 71.41 D and 58.8 D. respectively. The release rates of nitrogen in the carbon release half-life of 56.90 D and 54.20 D. rice straw were 66.37% and 72.16% respectively. The nitrogen residue of rice straw under the anaerobic condition was higher 20.81%. than that under the aerobic condition. The cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin residue of rice straw showed a decreasing trend. At the end of culture, the decomposition rate of cellulose and lignin was 91.06%, 90%, 63.09%, respectively, under anaerobic conditions, respectively, which were lower than those of aerobic conditions (95.06%, 91.34%, 66.76%) 5, and the residue of various components of corn straw was followed by culture. The decaying between the early (0~90 days) and the later period (90~360 days) was slower. The fitting results of the first order kinetic equation to the residue of corn straw showed that the half-life of corn straw decomposition under anaerobic and aerobic conditions was 79.87 days and 52.89 days respectively. The carbon release rate constant of maize straw under anaerobic strip was lower than that of K0 (0.545/ days). The cumulative release rate of maize straw nitrogen (74.20%) under aerobic conditions (74.20%) was higher than that of anaerobic condition (71.42%). The cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin residues of corn straw decreased with the incubation time. In 360 days, the aerobic condition was more beneficial to the mineralization of maize straw carbon and nitrogen elements. The decomposition of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin decreased by.3, and the rate of decomposition of rape straw was fast in the early stage and later in the later period. In the 360 d culture time, the decomposition rate of rape straw under anaerobic and aerobic conditions was 60.50% and 68.20% respectively, and the decomposition rate constant (k) was 0.004 x d~ (-1), respectively. And 0.010 * d~ (-1), the half-life of the decomposition was 229 D and 117 D. respectively under anaerobic and aerobic conditions. The carbon release rate of rape straw was 70.33% and 77.43% respectively. The release rate constant (0.025 x d~ (-1)) under anaerobic conditions was lower than that of aerobic condition (0.026 * d~ (-1)). The nitrogen release rate of rape straw was 82.20% and 87.48% respectively, and the rape straw was in anaerobic strip. The residual nitrogen content under the aerobic condition was 38.25% higher than that under the aerobic condition (P0.05). The nitrogen residue rate under the anaerobic condition was always higher than that under the aerobic condition, and the maximum difference was.6 in the 60~90 d culture period. The infrared spectra of the different crop straw decomposing culture were 3417cm~ (-1), 2922cm~ (-1), 1376cm~ (-1), 1052cm~ (-1), 1052cm~ (- 1052cm~ (-). 1) the absorption peak of the absorption peak, although different absorption peaks of different straw absorption peaks, showed that wheat, rape, corn, rice straw contained water soluble substances, including monosaccharides, polysaccharides, proteins, amino acids, etc. with the prolongation of the culture time, the infrared spectra of straw were 3 430~3 410 cm~ (-1), 2930 cm~ (-1 (Ya Jiaji's telescopic vibration), the absorption peak absorption strength of 2855cm~ (-1) (methyl expansion vibration) was reduced, indicating that carbohydrates in the straw were reduced and the aliphatic characteristics decreased. The wave number was 1740 cm~ (-1), the absorption peak absorption intensity at 1 419~1 425 cm~ (-1) decreased, the straw lignin content decreased slightly and under anaerobic conditions. The absorption strength was higher than that under aerobic conditions. Under anaerobic conditions, the absorption strength of the 780~800 cm~ (-1) and 468-475 cm~ (-1) (silicate and Si O2 and other inorganic silicides) was higher than that of the aerobic condition. The above results showed that the lipid property decreased and the aromatization degree increased in the process of straw decomposition. The condition of aerobic condition was beneficial to the straw. The decomposition of cellulose, hemicellulose and aliphatic compounds in culms improves their aromaticity.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：安徽農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號(hào)】：S141.4

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