【摘要】：地下開采是金屬礦山開采的主要方式,長(zhǎng)期大規(guī)模開采及處理的滯后,形成了大量的采空區(qū),成為了礦山的重大危險(xiǎn)源之一。由于采空區(qū)自身結(jié)構(gòu)及賦存環(huán)境的復(fù)雜性,造成采空區(qū)穩(wěn)定性難以判斷,無(wú)法及時(shí)采取有效措施。尤其進(jìn)入深部開采后,高地應(yīng)力使采空區(qū)賦存環(huán)境進(jìn)一步惡化。因此,采空區(qū)穩(wěn)定與否是保證安全開采的關(guān)鍵因素之一 本文以深部硬巖金屬礦山采空區(qū)為研究對(duì)象,以揭示采空區(qū)損傷演化機(jī)理和穩(wěn)定性特征為目標(biāo),綜合采用室內(nèi)力學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)、理論分析、數(shù)值模擬及現(xiàn)場(chǎng)監(jiān)測(cè)等技術(shù)手段,圍繞深部采空區(qū)巖體復(fù)雜路徑下力學(xué)特性、采空區(qū)穩(wěn)定特征及失穩(wěn)機(jī)理、采空區(qū)系統(tǒng)穩(wěn)定性控制與治理等內(nèi)容展開深入理論研究。 (1)選取典型深部礦山脆性巖石進(jìn)行了加卸載巖石力學(xué)試驗(yàn),對(duì)復(fù)雜應(yīng)力路徑下脆性巖石的力學(xué)及破裂特征進(jìn)行了對(duì)比分析。采用聲發(fā)射監(jiān)測(cè)數(shù)據(jù),對(duì)破裂過(guò)程中能量演化特征進(jìn)行了研究,在此基礎(chǔ)上,基于最小耗能原理建立了復(fù)雜應(yīng)力路徑下巖石演化數(shù)學(xué)模型。 (2)在采空區(qū)精細(xì)探測(cè)數(shù)據(jù)的基礎(chǔ)上,基于分形理論,對(duì)采空區(qū)多種分形特性進(jìn)行了研究,建立了采空區(qū)復(fù)雜程度的定量表征指標(biāo)體系。對(duì)單一采空區(qū)穩(wěn)定性敏感特性進(jìn)行了詳細(xì)研究,得到了采空區(qū)復(fù)雜程度與穩(wěn)定特征的定量關(guān)系式,并分別建立了不同影響因素與采空區(qū)穩(wěn)定特征的函數(shù)關(guān)系。將采空區(qū)劃分為狹長(zhǎng)型與立方型,基于現(xiàn)場(chǎng)監(jiān)測(cè)數(shù)據(jù),對(duì)兩種類型采空區(qū)形成全過(guò)程圍巖擾動(dòng)規(guī)律進(jìn)行了分析,采用彈性厚板理論及固支梁理論建立了兩者的采空區(qū)頂板力學(xué)模型,并基于損傷斷裂理論建立了狹長(zhǎng)型頂板斷裂預(yù)測(cè)模型,該研究成果在現(xiàn)場(chǎng)得到了應(yīng)用。 (3)以程潮鐵礦為工程背景,建立了深部采空區(qū)卸荷失穩(wěn)分析模型,引入局部能量釋放率指標(biāo)對(duì)采空區(qū)卸荷過(guò)程中能量演化規(guī)律進(jìn)行了分析,并基于尖點(diǎn)突變理論建立了圍巖能量失穩(wěn)準(zhǔn)則,揭示了采空區(qū)圍巖卸荷失穩(wěn)機(jī)制。 (4)建立了采空區(qū)系統(tǒng)失穩(wěn)災(zāi)變鏈?zhǔn)窖莼Ｐ�。以能量為載體,提出了采空區(qū)失穩(wěn)災(zāi)變能量鏈?zhǔn)叫?yīng)理論,并建立了能量鏈?zhǔn)叫?yīng)演化數(shù)學(xué)模型,劃分了能量演化階段。針對(duì)不同階段提出了不同的控制措施,并應(yīng)用在了工程實(shí)際,取得了良好的控制效果,為采空區(qū)穩(wěn)定控制提供了新的理論依據(jù)。
[Abstract]:Underground mining is the main way of metal mining. The lag of large-scale mining and treatment for a long time has formed a large number of goaf and become one of the major dangerous sources of the mine. Due to the complexity of goaf structure and occurrence environment, it is difficult to judge the stability of goaf and can not take effective measures in time. Especially after entering the deep mining, the occurrence environment of goaf is further aggravated by high ground stress. Therefore, the stability of goaf is one of the key factors to ensure safe mining. In this paper, the goaf of deep hard rock metal mine is taken as the research object, and the damage evolution mechanism and stability characteristics of goaf are revealed. By means of laboratory mechanical experiment, theoretical analysis, numerical simulation and field monitoring, this paper focuses on the mechanical characteristics, stability characteristics and instability mechanism of rock mass in deep goaf under complex path. The stability control and treatment of goaf system are studied in depth. The main results are as follows: (1) the mechanical tests of brittle rocks in typical deep mines are carried out, and the mechanical and fracture characteristics of brittle rocks under complex stress paths are compared and analyzed. Based on the acoustic emission monitoring data, the characteristics of energy evolution in the process of fracture are studied. On this basis, the mathematical model of rock evolution under complex stress path is established based on the principle of minimum energy consumption. (2) based on the fine detection data of goaf, a variety of fractal characteristics of goaf are studied based on fractal theory, and the quantitative characterization index system of goaf complexity is established. The stability sensitivity of a single goaf is studied in detail, and the quantitative relationship between the complexity of goaf and the stability characteristics is obtained, and the functional relationships between different influencing factors and the stability characteristics of goaf are established respectively. The goaf is divided into narrow type and cubic type. Based on the field monitoring data, the disturbance law of surrounding rock in the whole process of the formation of the two types of goaf is analyzed. The mechanical models of goaf roof are established by using elastic thick plate theory and fixed beam theory, and the narrow roof fracture prediction model is established based on damage fracture theory. The research results have been applied in the field. (3) taking Chengchao Iron Mine as the engineering background, the analysis model of unloading instability in deep goaf is established, and the local energy release rate index is introduced to analyze the law of energy evolution in the process of unloading goaf. Based on the cusp catastrophe theory, the energy instability criterion of surrounding rock is established, and the unloading instability mechanism of surrounding rock in goaf is revealed. (4) the chain evolution model of goaf system instability is established. Taking energy as the carrier, the theory of energy chain effect of goaf instability and catastrophe is put forward, and the mathematical model of energy chain effect evolution is established, and the energy evolution stage is divided. According to different stages, different control measures are put forward and applied to engineering practice, and good control results are obtained, which provides a new theoretical basis for goaf stability control.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：北京科技大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號(hào)】：TD32

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