本文選題：全波形反演 + 頻率域��； 參考：《吉林大學(xué)》2016年博士論文

【摘要】：隨著油氣資源勘探與開發(fā)難度的加大,對(duì)地震勘探成像的精度要求也越來(lái)越高,常規(guī)的速度建模方法已經(jīng)不能滿足地震成像和儲(chǔ)層預(yù)測(cè)對(duì)速度模型的分辨率和精度的要求。全波形反演方法通過(guò)將擬重建速度模型所對(duì)應(yīng)的正演模擬記錄與實(shí)際觀測(cè)地震記錄進(jìn)行匹配,根據(jù)匹配誤差和判別準(zhǔn)則利用合理的優(yōu)化算法對(duì)速度模型不斷迭代更新,最后得到能夠準(zhǔn)確描述地下介質(zhì)速度分布的速度模型。由于全波形反演方法充分利用了疊前地震記錄中的運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)和動(dòng)力學(xué)信息,因此,由該方法重建的速度模型能有更高的分辨率和精度。由于全波形反演算法一般是基于Bom近似尺度的,在解決強(qiáng)非線性問(wèn)題時(shí)有很大局限性,因此全波形反演對(duì)初始模型和低頻信息的依賴性很強(qiáng)。當(dāng)反演的初始模型質(zhì)量較差或地震資料缺少足夠的低頻信息時(shí),在進(jìn)行波場(chǎng)匹配時(shí)就會(huì)出現(xiàn)周波跳躍等現(xiàn)象造成嚴(yán)重的匹配誤差,無(wú)法取得預(yù)期的高精度速度建模結(jié)果。因此,構(gòu)建更加精確的初始速度模型,補(bǔ)償?shù)卣鹩涗浀牡皖l信息以減少周波跳躍現(xiàn)象,是目前全波形反演領(lǐng)域的主要攻關(guān)研究課題。本文深入討論了全波形反演在理論上及實(shí)際應(yīng)用中存在的初始模型依賴和周波跳躍等問(wèn)題,并針對(duì)這些問(wèn)題進(jìn)行了研究,提出了相應(yīng)的解決方法,形成了較為有效的解決方案和策略。在全波形反演中,多尺度方法是增加算法穩(wěn)定性,提高波場(chǎng)匹配程度的常用方法之一。結(jié)合Curvelet變換的多尺度特性,本文提出了一種新的多尺度方法,減小了全波形反演對(duì)初始模型的依賴,提高了模擬波場(chǎng)和觀測(cè)波場(chǎng)的匹配程度。在從低頻到高頻反演的頻率域全波形反演中,在反演的不同階段,根據(jù)反演頻率的大小以及初始模型的精度高低,利用Curvelet變換,分別提取觀測(cè)數(shù)據(jù)不同尺度的數(shù)據(jù)參與反演：即當(dāng)初始模型精度較低時(shí),首先使用觀測(cè)地震數(shù)據(jù)的大尺度數(shù)據(jù)參與反演,隨著反演頻率和反演精度的增加,逐漸加入精細(xì)尺度的數(shù)據(jù),使模擬數(shù)據(jù)能夠更好的與觀測(cè)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行匹配,以減小全波形反演對(duì)初始模型的依賴。本文對(duì)比了該多尺度全波形反演方法和常規(guī)全波形反演方法在使用較差初始模型時(shí)的反演結(jié)果,驗(yàn)證了該多尺度全波形反演方法對(duì)減小初始模型依賴的有效性。周波跳躍現(xiàn)象是全波形反演難以在實(shí)際中應(yīng)用的難題之一。當(dāng)模擬地震數(shù)據(jù)和觀測(cè)地震數(shù)據(jù)之間的相位差大于半個(gè)周期時(shí),就會(huì)產(chǎn)生波場(chǎng)匹配不準(zhǔn)的現(xiàn)象,即周波跳躍現(xiàn)象。低頻信息在全波形反演中有著至關(guān)重要的作用,可以減少周波跳躍現(xiàn)象發(fā)生的可能。本文針對(duì)全波形反演周波跳躍現(xiàn)象產(chǎn)生的原因,借鑒數(shù)字圖像相關(guān)方法計(jì)算圖像“變形”位移的思想,提出了波場(chǎng)相位相關(guān)時(shí)移的全波形反演方法。在反演之前,先對(duì)模擬地震數(shù)據(jù)和觀測(cè)地震數(shù)據(jù)的相位信息進(jìn)行互相關(guān)運(yùn)算,根據(jù)互相關(guān)結(jié)果對(duì)模擬地震數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行時(shí)移處理,減小兩者之間的相位差,使其滿足全波形反演對(duì)反演數(shù)據(jù)的要求,然后再進(jìn)行全波形反演。通過(guò)模型測(cè)試表明,在地震數(shù)據(jù)缺少足夠的低頻信息時(shí),利用該方法可以避免反演陷入局部極小,得到滿足精度要求的反演結(jié)果。針對(duì)全波形反演對(duì)反演數(shù)據(jù)中低頻信息和信噪比的嚴(yán)格要求,本文將波場(chǎng)優(yōu)化匹配全波形反演的方法應(yīng)用于上下纜地震采集數(shù)據(jù)的處理中。通過(guò)合并處理后的上下纜采集數(shù)據(jù),可以有效的壓制地震鬼波,擴(kuò)展地震資料的頻帶寬度。因此,上下纜合并數(shù)據(jù)的寬頻特征可以使全波形反演的反演深度以及反演的穩(wěn)定性有較大提高。通過(guò)模型測(cè)試,對(duì)比了應(yīng)用上下纜數(shù)據(jù)的全波形反演結(jié)果與應(yīng)用常規(guī)單纜數(shù)據(jù)的全波形反演結(jié)果,驗(yàn)證了應(yīng)用上下纜數(shù)據(jù)對(duì)改善全波形反演效果的有效性。
[Abstract]:With the increasing difficulty in the exploration and development of oil and gas resources, the precision of seismic imaging is becoming more and more high. The conventional velocity modeling method has not met the requirements of seismic imaging and reservoir prediction for the resolution and accuracy of the velocity model. According to the matching error and criterion, the velocity model is constantly updated according to the matching error and criterion. Finally, the velocity model can accurately describe the velocity distribution of the underground medium. The full waveform inversion method makes full use of the kinematic and dynamic letters in the pre stack seismic record. Therefore, the velocity model reconstructed by this method can have higher resolution and precision. Since the full waveform inversion algorithm is generally based on the Bom approximation scale, it has great limitations in solving the strong nonlinear problems. Therefore, the full waveform inversion has a strong dependence on the initial model and the low frequency information. When the seismic data is lacking enough low frequency information, there will be a serious matching error when the wave field matches the wave field matching. It is impossible to obtain the expected high precision velocity modeling results. Therefore, a more accurate initial velocity model is constructed to compensate the low frequency information of the seismic record to reduce the cycle hopping phenomenon. In this paper, the main problems in the field of waveform inversion are discussed. This paper discusses the problems of the initial model dependence and the cycle hopping in the theory and the practical application of the full waveform inversion, and studies these problems, and puts forward the corresponding solutions and forms a more effective solution and strategy. The multiscale method is one of the commonly used methods to increase the stability of the algorithm and improve the matching degree of the wave field. In this paper, a new multiscale method is proposed in this paper, which reduces the dependence of the full waveform inversion on the initial model, and improves the matching degree of the simulated wave field and the observation wave field, and the inversion from low frequency to high frequency in the Curvelet transform. In the frequency domain full waveform inversion, in the different phases of the inversion, according to the size of the inversion frequency and the accuracy of the initial model, the Curvelet transform is used to extract data from different scales of the observation data to participate in the inversion, that is, when the initial model is low, the large scale data of the observed seismic data are used to retrieve the data. The increase of the inversion frequency and inversion accuracy is gradually added to the fine scale data, so that the simulated data can be better matched with the observed data in order to reduce the dependence of the full waveform inversion on the initial model. This paper compares the multiscale full waveform inversion method and the conventional full waveform back replay method in the use of the poor initial model. It is proved that the multiscale full waveform inversion method is effective for reducing the dependence of the initial model. The cycle hopping is one of the difficult problems that are difficult to apply to the full waveform inversion. When the phase difference between the simulated seismic data and the observed seismic data is more than half the period, the phenomenon of the wave field matching is not allowed, that is, the hopping of the wave field. Phenomenon. Low frequency information plays a vital role in full waveform inversion, and it can reduce the possibility of Zhou Bo jumping phenomenon. In this paper, in view of the causes of the full waveform inversion of Zhou Bo jumping phenomenon, the idea of calculating the "deformation" displacement of the image by using the digital image correlation method is used to draw the full waveform inversion of the phase shift of the wave field. Before inversion, the phase information of the simulated seismic data and the observed seismic data is interrelated, and the phase difference between the simulated seismic data is processed according to the correlation results, and the phase difference between the two is reduced, so that it meets the requirements of the full waveform inversion to the inversion data, and then the full waveform inversion is carried out. The model test table is carried out. In the absence of sufficient low frequency information of seismic data, this method can avoid the local minimum of inversion and get the result satisfying the requirement of precision. In view of the strict requirement of the low frequency information and signal to noise ratio in the inversion data, the method of wave field optimization matching full waveform inversion is applied to the seismic mining of the upper and lower cables. In the processing of data collection, the seismic ghost wave can be suppressed effectively and the bandwidth of the seismic data can be expanded effectively through the combined processing of the upper and lower cables. Therefore, the broadband characteristics of the combined data can greatly improve the inversion depth and the stability of the inversion. The results of the full waveform inversion of the cable data and the full waveform inversion results of the conventional single cable data verify the effectiveness of the application of the cable data to the improvement of the total waveform inversion results.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：吉林大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號(hào)】：P631.4

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