本文選題：金川鎳礦 + 充填采礦　； 參考：《北京科技大學(xué)》2015年博士論文

【摘要】：金川鎳礦是以埋藏深、礦巖破碎、礦體厚大和地應(yīng)力高為特點(diǎn)的大型難采硫化銅鎳礦床。通過采礦技術(shù)研究和工程實(shí)踐,金川鎳礦最終選擇了生產(chǎn)能力低和采礦成本高的下向分層進(jìn)路膠結(jié)充填采礦法。目前金川鎳礦主要以棒磨砂作為充填骨料和以水泥作為充填膠凝材料,并采用高濃度和高灰砂比的充填料漿,其充填成本之高在國內(nèi)外并不多見,因此金川企業(yè)面臨巨大的經(jīng)濟(jì)壓力,并影響著企業(yè)在國際上的競爭力。降低充填采礦成本和提高采礦經(jīng)濟(jì)效益是金川鎳礦面臨的最迫切問題。 本文以金川集團(tuán)公司重大科研項(xiàng)目“新型充填膠凝材料開發(fā)與固體廢棄物利用研究”及科技攻關(guān)項(xiàng)目“金川特大型復(fù)雜難采礦體開采支撐理論與關(guān)鍵技術(shù)”為依托,針對金川礦區(qū)周圍可以利用的固體廢棄物,開展基于金昌甕�；S磷石膏、金昌鐵廠水淬渣的早強(qiáng)充填膠凝材料開發(fā)以及高濃度充填料漿管道輸送特性研究,為提高金川充填采礦經(jīng)濟(jì)效益和固體廢棄物利用奠定基礎(chǔ)。 本文主要開展的研究工作及獲得的主要結(jié)果如下： (1)金川鎳礦下向分層膠結(jié)充填采礦法要求3d、7d、28d的充填體強(qiáng)度分別達(dá)到1.5MPa、2.5MPa、5.0MPa。隨著礦山采礦進(jìn)入千米深井,確定與深部采場地壓相匹配的充填體強(qiáng)度,是實(shí)現(xiàn)深部安全、高效開采的關(guān)鍵。通過搜集整理金川地應(yīng)力實(shí)測數(shù)據(jù),利用改進(jìn)的BP神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)建立地應(yīng)力預(yù)測模型,進(jìn)行深部地應(yīng)力場回歸分析預(yù)測,揭示金川礦區(qū)地應(yīng)力分布規(guī)律。在此基礎(chǔ)上,采用多種充填體強(qiáng)度設(shè)計(jì)方法,確定了金川目前的充填體設(shè)計(jì)強(qiáng)度仍適用于深部高地應(yīng)力采場安全采礦要求。 (2)針對下向分層膠結(jié)充填采礦法對充填體早期強(qiáng)度的要求,金川鎳礦目前采用1：4高灰砂比和77%-79%高濃度料漿的管道自流輸送充填技術(shù),不僅充填采礦成本高(165.00元/m3),而且對料漿自流輸送技術(shù)提出更高要求。為此,開展了利用磷石膏和水淬渣為主要組分的早強(qiáng)充填膠凝材料研發(fā)。 首先對磷石膏和水淬渣等充填物料進(jìn)行物化特性分析,然后,開展不同激發(fā)劑配方的正交試驗(yàn)。采用極差分析、神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)建模預(yù)測和回歸分析等研究方法,揭示了磷石膏-礦渣基早強(qiáng)膠凝材料充填體強(qiáng)度與激發(fā)劑摻量的關(guān)系與變化規(guī)律,獲得了磷石膏-礦渣基早強(qiáng)膠凝材料的最佳配方為：生石灰5%,磷石膏25%,NaOH為2%,芒硝2.5%和礦渣微粉65.5%。 通過對最佳配方的膠凝材料進(jìn)行強(qiáng)度驗(yàn)證試驗(yàn),獲得1：4膠砂比和78%濃度的新型膠凝材料膠砂3d、7d、28d的充填體抗壓強(qiáng)度分別達(dá)到1.85MPa、3.06MPa、8.69MPa,滿足金川深部采礦對充填體強(qiáng)度的要求(R3≥1.5MPa、 R7≥2.5MPa、R28≥5MPa)。新型早強(qiáng)膠凝材料的強(qiáng)度優(yōu)于32.5水泥,成本僅是32.5水泥成本的66%。 (3)為了進(jìn)一步優(yōu)化磷石膏-礦渣基早強(qiáng)充填膠凝材料特性,采用SEM和XRD技術(shù)分析,研究新型早強(qiáng)充填膠凝材料水化機(jī)理和強(qiáng)度形成過程。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),礦渣微粉在以磷石膏為主要的復(fù)合激發(fā)劑作用下發(fā)生水化反應(yīng),其主要水化產(chǎn)物是水化硅酸鈣凝膠(C-S-H)和鈣礬石(AFt)。芒硝早強(qiáng)劑為早期水化反應(yīng)創(chuàng)造了適宜的環(huán)境,使早期水化反應(yīng)速度加快。水化硅酸鈣凝膠(C-S-H)的大量生成沉積,在充填體中起到充填黏結(jié)作用。鈣礬石(AFt)的大量生成發(fā)育,在充填體中承擔(dān)穿插支撐作用。隨著水化齡期的延長,水化反應(yīng)改變了充填體的成分,吸收了充填體中的水分,使充填體的結(jié)構(gòu)致密,從而提高了充填體的強(qiáng)度。 (4)為了將磷石膏-礦渣基早強(qiáng)充填膠凝材料應(yīng)用于金川礦山,針對金川礦山充填系統(tǒng)和高濃度料漿管道輸送要求,開展了磷石膏-礦渣基早強(qiáng)充填膠凝材料高濃度料漿流動特性參數(shù)測試以及管道輸送特性的研究。 研究結(jié)果表明,磷石膏-礦渣基早強(qiáng)膠凝材料的充填料漿流動性與水泥充填料漿的流動性基本相同,新型早強(qiáng)膠凝材料充填料漿完全滿足金川礦山對充填料漿的流動性要求(稠度≥9cm、塌落度≥20cm、分層度≤2.0cm)。研究還發(fā)現(xiàn),在料漿濃度為78%和膠砂比為1：4的條件下,早強(qiáng)充填膠凝材料料漿屬于賓漢流體,可近似視為均質(zhì)流體,在管道輸送中呈現(xiàn)層流狀態(tài)。 利用充填料漿流動特性測試結(jié)果,采用FLUENT軟件進(jìn)行新型早強(qiáng)充填膠凝材料料漿在管道中輸送的數(shù)值模擬分析,揭示了高濃度充填料漿流經(jīng)直管、彎管和長距離階梯管道時的料漿流速、流核、壓強(qiáng)以及摩擦阻力的變化規(guī)律。結(jié)果表明,采用磷石膏-礦渣基早強(qiáng)充填膠凝材料替代水泥,可以利用目前金川礦山高濃度自流充填系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行新型充填膠凝材料的工業(yè)化應(yīng)用,從而實(shí)現(xiàn)金川礦山深部資源安全、高效、綠色和經(jīng)濟(jì)開采。
[Abstract]:Jinchuan nickel ore is a large and difficult copper nickel sulfide deposit, which is characterized by deep burial, broken ore rock, heavy ore body and high ground stress. Through the research of mining technology and engineering practice, Jinchuan nickel mine has finally chosen low production capacity and high mining cost in lower direction stratified route filling mining. At present, the Jinchuan nickel mine is mainly filled with bar grind as filling. Filling aggregate and cement as filling cementitious material and filling slurry with high concentration and high ash sand ratio are not much more common at home and abroad. Therefore, Jinchuan enterprises are facing enormous economic pressure and influence the competitiveness of enterprises in the world. To reduce the cost of filling and mining and to improve the economic benefit of mining is the Jinchuan nickel mine. The most urgent problem coming.
This paper is based on the major scientific research project of Jinchuan group "new filling cementitious material development and solid waste utilization research" and scientific and technological breakthrough project "Jinchuan super complex and difficult mining body mining support theory and key technology". In view of the solid waste that can be used around Jinchuan mining area, Jinchang Weng Fu chemical industry is carried out. The development of early strong filling cementitious material for water quenched slag in Jinchang iron plant and the research on pipeline transportation characteristics of high concentration filling slurry are studied, which lays the foundation for improving the economic benefit of filling mining in Jinchuan and the use of solid waste.
The main research work and main results obtained are as follows:
(1) the subgrade cemented filling mining method in Jinchuan nickel mine requires that the strength of 3D, 7d, 28d filling body reach 1.5MPa, 2.5MPa, 5.0MPa., respectively, with the mining of mine mining into a kilometer deep well, and the strength of the filling body matching the deep mining ground pressure is the key to realize the deep safety and high efficiency. Based on the improved BP neural network, the ground stress prediction model is established and the deep ground stress field regression analysis is made to reveal the distribution law of ground stress in Jinchuan mining area. On this basis, the design strength of various filling body strength is adopted to determine that the present design strength of the filling body in Jinchuan is still applicable to the safety mining requirements of the deep high ground stress stope.
(2) in view of the requirements for the early strength of backfilling, Jinchuan nickel mine is currently using 1:4 high ash sand ratio and 77%-79% high concentration slurry for pipeline self flow filling and filling technology, not only with high cost of filling mining (165 yuan /m3), but also higher requirements for the self flow technology of slurry. For this reason, the use of phosphorus stone is carried out. Gypsum and water quenched slag are the main components of early strength filling cementitious materials.
Firstly, the physicochemical properties of phosphogypsum and water quenched slag were analyzed. Then, the orthogonal experiment of different activator formulations was carried out. The relationship between the strength of the phosphogypsum slag based early strong cementitious material and the content of the activator was revealed by the methods of extreme analysis, neural network modeling prediction and regression analysis. The best formula for phosphogypsum slag based early strength cementing material is as follows: quicklime 5%, phosphogypsum 25%, NaOH 2%, mirabilite 2.5% and slag powder 65.5%..
The strength verification test of the cementitious material for the best formula shows that the compressive strength of the filling body of the new cementitious material 3D, 7d and 28d is 1.85MPa, 3.06MPa, 8.69MPa, which can meet the requirements of the strength of the filling body in the deep mining of Jinchuan (R3 > 1.5MPa, R7 > 2.5MPa, R28 is more than). The new type of early strong cementitious material in Jinchuan. The strength of the material is better than that of 32.5 cement, and the cost is only 66%. of 32.5 cement cost.
(3) in order to further optimize the characteristics of the early strong filling cementitious material of phosphogypsum slag base, the hydration mechanism and strength formation process of the new early strong filling cementitious material were studied by SEM and XRD technology. The study found that the slag powder was hydrated under the action of phosphogypsum as the main compound activator, and the main hydration product was hydration. Calcium silicate gel (C-S-H) and Ettringite (AFt). The early strength agent of mirabilite created a suitable environment for early hydration reaction and accelerated the early hydration reaction. A large number of hydrated calcium silicate gel (C-S-H) was formed and deposited in the filling body. The formation and development of the ettringite (AFt) was produced in a large amount, and the interspersed support was carried out in the filling body. With the prolongation of the age of hydration, the hydration reaction changes the composition of the filling body and absorbs the water in the filling body, which makes the structure of the filling body dense and thus improves the strength of the filling body.
(4) in order to apply the phosphogypsum slag base early strong filling cementitious material to the Jinchuan mine, in view of the requirements of the Jinchuan mine filling system and the high concentration slurry pipeline transportation requirements, the test of the flow characteristic parameters of high concentration slurry of the phosphogypsum slag base early strong filling cementitious material and the study of the pipeline transportation characteristics have been carried out.
The results show that the fluidity of the filling slurry of the phosphogypsum slag base early strong cementitious material is basically the same as that of the cement filling slurry. The new type of early strong cementitious material filling slurry fully meets the liquidity requirement of the filling slurry in Jinchuan mine (consistency > 9cm, the collapse degree is more than 20cm, the delamination degree is less than 2.0cm). Under the condition of 78% and the ratio of cementing to 1:4, the early strong filling cementitious material slurry belongs to the Bingham fluid, which can be considered as an homogeneous fluid and presents a laminar flow in the pipeline transportation.
Using the test results of the flow characteristics of filling slurry, the FLUENT software is used to carry out numerical simulation analysis of the new type of early strong filling cementitious material slurry in pipeline. The change law of slurry flow velocity, flow core, pressure strength and friction resistance of high concentration filling slurry flow through straight pipe, bend pipe and long distance staircase pipeline is revealed. Using phosphogypsum slag base early strength filling cementitious material instead of cement, the industrial application of new filling cementitious material can be used in Jinchuan mine high concentration self flow filling system at present, so as to realize the safety, efficiency, green and economic exploitation of the deep resources of Jinchuan mine.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：北京科技大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：TD853.34

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