【摘要】：墊片密封是由螺栓、法蘭和墊片組成的一種密封結(jié)構(gòu),它是石油化工設(shè)備和管道中最常用的連接形式,其中墊片是最主要的密封元件,它的性能直接影響連接系統(tǒng)密封的可靠性,所以,本文研究各種載荷下墊片的應(yīng)力大小及分布趨勢(shì),這對(duì)墊片的使用以及對(duì)泄漏的防治具有重要的意義。 首先,介紹了墊片的一般結(jié)構(gòu)和種類；分析了墊片應(yīng)滿足的基本性能和評(píng)定墊片密封性能幾個(gè)指標(biāo)；對(duì)螺栓法蘭連接系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行了形狀簡(jiǎn)化和受力分析,得出螺栓力和墊片反力的計(jì)算公式；應(yīng)用Timosenko理論,對(duì)系統(tǒng)載荷與變形之間的關(guān)系進(jìn)行深入分析,得出各元件間的變形協(xié)調(diào)方程,與Waters理論相比,更能真實(shí)地反映其受載情況。 其次,分析了墊片的密封機(jī)理及其在加載和卸載時(shí)的密封過程,給出了墊片預(yù)緊應(yīng)力的計(jì)算公式和影響因素；并用緊密性參數(shù)來衡量密封的緊密度,對(duì)緊密性等級(jí)進(jìn)行了劃分；研究了墊片密封失效的原因,得出了影響墊片密封失效的因素,并建立了反映墊片密封失效的模型。 最后,本文選取ASMEB16.5的NPS4 Class150標(biāo)準(zhǔn)法蘭為模型,用有限元參數(shù)化設(shè)計(jì)語言(APDL)建立了參數(shù)化三維有限元模型,去模擬墊片材料的非線性特性。首先研究了系統(tǒng)在預(yù)緊和逐漸施加內(nèi)壓載荷的作用下對(duì)墊片應(yīng)力的影響,研究表明,此時(shí)墊片的應(yīng)力分布規(guī)律基本一致,且隨著內(nèi)壓載荷的升高,同一部位的應(yīng)力強(qiáng)度數(shù)值相應(yīng)增大,此時(shí)在法蘭錐頸處出現(xiàn)了最大的應(yīng)力強(qiáng)度,這與實(shí)際的情況是一致的。其次研究表明,螺栓預(yù)緊力的大小對(duì)墊片應(yīng)力的大小及分布有重要影響,墊片應(yīng)力隨螺栓預(yù)緊力的增加而相應(yīng)增大。最后研究表明,無論預(yù)緊工況還是操作工況,隨著內(nèi)壓載荷的升高,墊片應(yīng)力沿周向及徑向都是不均勻分布的,墊片徑向應(yīng)力隨預(yù)緊力的增大而增大,隨內(nèi)壓的升高而升高,墊片外側(cè)應(yīng)力較內(nèi)側(cè)應(yīng)力大,其應(yīng)力的具體分布情況受各個(gè)元件的性質(zhì)和具體的工況條件所影響。
[Abstract]:Gasket sealing is a sealing structure consisting of bolts, flanges and gaskets. It is the most commonly used form of connection in petrochemical equipment and pipelines, in which gaskets are the most important sealing components. Its performance directly affects the sealing reliability of the connection system. Therefore, this paper studies the stress size and distribution trend of gasket under various loads, which is of great significance to the use of gasket and the prevention of leakage. Firstly, the general structure and types of gasket are introduced, the basic performance of gasket and several indexes of evaluating gasket seal performance are analyzed. The form simplification and force analysis of bolt flange connection system are carried out, and the calculation formulas of bolt force and gasket reaction force are obtained. Based on Timosenko theory, the relationship between system load and deformation is analyzed in depth, and the deformation coordination equation among the components is obtained. Compared with Waters theory, the relationship between the system load and deformation is more truly reflected. Secondly, the sealing mechanism of gasket and its sealing process during loading and unloading are analyzed, the calculation formula and influencing factors of pretightening stress of gasket are given, the tightness degree of gasket is measured by compactness parameter, and the tightness grade is divided. The causes of gasket seal failure are studied, the factors influencing the gasket seal failure are obtained, and a model reflecting the gasket seal failure is established. Finally, the NPS4 Class150 standard flange of ASMEB16.5 is selected as the model, and the parameterized three-dimensional finite element model is established by using the finite element parameterized design language (APDL) to simulate the nonlinear characteristics of gasket material. Firstly, the influence of the system on the gasket stress under the action of pretightening and gradually applying internal pressure load is studied. The results show that the stress distribution law of the gasket is basically the same at this time, and with the increasing of the internal pressure load, the stress distribution of the gasket is basically the same. The stress intensity of the same position increases correspondingly, and the maximum stress intensity appears at the flange cone neck, which is consistent with the actual situation. Secondly, it is shown that the pre-tightening force of bolt has an important effect on the size and distribution of the gasket stress, and the gasket stress increases correspondingly with the increase of bolt pre-tightening force. The results show that the gasket stress distributes inhomogeneously along the circumference and radial direction with the increase of the internal pressure load, the radial stress of the gasket increases with the increase of the pretightening force, and increases with the increase of the internal pressure. The outer stress of gasket is larger than the inner stress, and the distribution of the stress is affected by the properties of each element and the working conditions.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：昆明理工大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號(hào)】：TH136

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