本文選題：離心泵 + 流動(dòng)誘導(dǎo)噪聲　； 參考：《江蘇大學(xué)》2014年博士論文

【摘要】：本文是在國(guó)家杰出青年科學(xué)基金“離心泵基礎(chǔ)理論和節(jié)能關(guān)鍵技術(shù)研究”(50825902)、國(guó)家科技支撐計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目“百萬千瓦級(jí)核電離心泵關(guān)鍵技術(shù)研究”(2011BAF14B04)和江蘇省研究生創(chuàng)新基金“離心泵低噪聲水力設(shè)計(jì)方法及關(guān)鍵技術(shù)研究”(CXZZ12-0679)的資助下開展工作。隨著環(huán)境法規(guī)的出臺(tái),用戶對(duì)產(chǎn)品的振動(dòng)噪聲指標(biāo)提出更高的要求,掌握離心泵噪聲產(chǎn)生機(jī)理以及如何在傳統(tǒng)離心泵設(shè)計(jì)方法的基礎(chǔ)上,通過優(yōu)化幾何參數(shù)提高離心泵的水力效率和降低離心泵的噪聲水平,成為一個(gè)重要的研究課題。本文采用機(jī)理分析、試驗(yàn)測(cè)試和數(shù)值模擬相結(jié)合的方法對(duì)離心泵流動(dòng)噪聲的特性進(jìn)行研究,旨在建立若干高效率低噪聲離心泵水力設(shè)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則。本文的主要工作和創(chuàng)造性成果有： 1.系統(tǒng)總結(jié)分析了離心泵噪聲的分類和產(chǎn)生原因,提出現(xiàn)有的離心泵噪聲測(cè)量和評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)已不能滿足其噪聲評(píng)估的需要,離心泵流動(dòng)誘導(dǎo)噪聲是離心泵機(jī)組噪聲測(cè)量和評(píng)估的關(guān)鍵。研究表明離心泵流動(dòng)誘導(dǎo)噪聲產(chǎn)生的重要因素是其內(nèi)部流場(chǎng)的不穩(wěn)定流體力,來源主要包括：動(dòng)靜部件間的干涉作用,非設(shè)計(jì)工況下的葉輪徑向力和不穩(wěn)定流動(dòng)現(xiàn)象等。 2.搭建了離心泵流動(dòng)誘導(dǎo)噪聲測(cè)試平臺(tái),建立了無源四端網(wǎng)絡(luò)法聲學(xué)測(cè)試模型,試驗(yàn)研究了離心泵流動(dòng)噪聲隨運(yùn)行工況(變流量和變轉(zhuǎn)速)的變化規(guī)律,分析了回流和空化發(fā)生時(shí)的流動(dòng)噪聲特性。通過研究葉輪切割對(duì)模型泵流動(dòng)噪聲聲壓級(jí)和空化性能的影響,提出葉輪和隔舌之間的最佳間隙值。結(jié)果表明：模型泵在小流量時(shí)發(fā)生回流,噪聲聲壓級(jí)保持較高的水平,0.6Qd以后,聲壓級(jí)隨流量的增大先減小,并在最高效率點(diǎn)達(dá)到最小,然后迅速增加；隨著轉(zhuǎn)速的提高,離心泵進(jìn)、出口流動(dòng)誘導(dǎo)噪聲聲壓級(jí)呈線性上升,離心泵出口的流動(dòng)噪聲變化要比進(jìn)口大；隨著空化系數(shù)的減小,流動(dòng)噪聲的總聲壓級(jí)逐漸升高,并在達(dá)到極值后降低；模型泵葉輪和隔舌之間的最優(yōu)間隙值為15%,間隙值小于最優(yōu)值時(shí),葉輪切割能明顯降低流動(dòng)噪聲聲壓級(jí)并提升模型泵空化性能；在高效區(qū)運(yùn)行時(shí),流動(dòng)噪聲的主頻為葉頻及其倍頻,軸頻及其倍頻也存在極值,回流現(xiàn)象發(fā)生時(shí)由于進(jìn)口預(yù)旋造成流道堵塞,流動(dòng)噪聲的能量往軸頻及超低頻集中,空化現(xiàn)象發(fā)生時(shí),隨著空化系數(shù)的降低,噪聲譜的能量往高頻集中,但低頻區(qū)葉片通過頻率及其倍頻的峰值逐漸減小直至消失。 3.采用結(jié)合計(jì)算流體力學(xué)和計(jì)算聲學(xué)(CFD/CA)的混合算法對(duì)IS65-50-165模型泵的流動(dòng)誘導(dǎo)噪聲進(jìn)行求解,并分析了聲振耦合作用對(duì)流動(dòng)誘導(dǎo)噪聲計(jì)算的影響。發(fā)現(xiàn)流場(chǎng)求解時(shí),采用Scale Adaptive Simulation (SAS)湍流模擬既能避免對(duì)網(wǎng)格和計(jì)算資源的過高需求,又能滿足計(jì)算聲源信息的需要。研究結(jié)果表明：距離隔舌位置近的監(jiān)測(cè)點(diǎn)脈動(dòng)強(qiáng)度較大,表明葉輪和蝸殼隔舌的動(dòng)靜干涉作用是引起流場(chǎng)脈動(dòng)的主要原因,隔舌部位是主要的噪聲源；經(jīng)過試驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證,在泵高效運(yùn)行區(qū)間內(nèi)基于CFD/CA的數(shù)值計(jì)算求解誤差在3.1%以內(nèi),完全能滿足工程優(yōu)化的需要,其中聲學(xué)邊界元法在葉頻及其倍頻噪聲聲壓級(jí)求解方面有優(yōu)勢(shì),聲學(xué)有限元法雖然建模較復(fù)雜,但能直接展現(xiàn)流場(chǎng)體聲源分布并考慮寬頻湍流噪聲的求解,計(jì)算結(jié)果與實(shí)際更加吻合；泵在非高效區(qū)運(yùn)行時(shí),僅采用偶極子聲源進(jìn)行聲場(chǎng)計(jì)算將不能準(zhǔn)確反映模型泵的聲場(chǎng)特性；聲振耦合作用對(duì)葉片通過頻率下聲壓級(jí)的求解影響很小。 4.以葉頻噪聲聲壓級(jí)、揚(yáng)程、效率和軸功率這四個(gè)指標(biāo)作為判斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn),首次采用權(quán)矩陣方法借助數(shù)值模擬技術(shù)對(duì)離心泵葉輪進(jìn)行多目標(biāo)優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì),得到一組水力模型優(yōu)化方案。通過優(yōu)化葉輪與原型葉輪的試驗(yàn)對(duì)比,發(fā)現(xiàn)該優(yōu)化模型全部達(dá)標(biāo),驗(yàn)證了數(shù)值優(yōu)化方法的可行性。通過PIV內(nèi)流場(chǎng)測(cè)試發(fā)現(xiàn)：隔舌對(duì)流場(chǎng)影響很大,受葉輪和隔舌動(dòng)靜干涉影響,流場(chǎng)內(nèi)速度的大小、云圖分布都呈現(xiàn)周期性變化,這種干涉作用不但直接作用在隔舌附近流體,還能沿上游傳播影響葉輪進(jìn)口的流動(dòng)；高效率低噪聲離心泵葉輪設(shè)計(jì)的關(guān)鍵是選擇合理的葉輪和隔舌間隙,以及減弱葉輪出口的尾流脈動(dòng)。 5.提出了能較大幅度降低電動(dòng)離心泵機(jī)組輻射噪聲的引射裝置,試驗(yàn)比較了原型泵、添加正常引射管徑(dy=6mm)和偏大引射管徑(dy=12mm)三種模型泵的性能,并首次數(shù)值計(jì)算了包含引射流在內(nèi)的離心泵內(nèi)部流場(chǎng)。研究結(jié)果表明：風(fēng)扇空氣動(dòng)力學(xué)噪聲是離心泵機(jī)組運(yùn)行時(shí)產(chǎn)生輻射噪聲中重要的組成部分,采用引射裝置后,輻射噪聲降低約8.3dB; dy=6mm時(shí),模型泵揚(yáng)程、效率和軸功率的變化均不大,小流量下模型泵的臨界空化余量變小,加設(shè)引射管能夠有效減弱回流強(qiáng)度,并降低回流發(fā)生的關(guān)鍵流量點(diǎn)；dy=6mm時(shí),由于引射管較大地增加了葉輪實(shí)際流量,模型泵的軸功率增幅明顯,而揚(yáng)程和效率下降很快,同時(shí),由于垂直入射的引射管流太大,造成回流發(fā)生時(shí)進(jìn)口流場(chǎng)的進(jìn)一步紊亂,抵消了其進(jìn)口增壓作用,并引起空化性能的惡化。 6.基于法國(guó)國(guó)立高等工程技術(shù)學(xué)校的動(dòng)靜干涉實(shí)驗(yàn)臺(tái),在某導(dǎo)葉式離心泵模型上進(jìn)行了三孔探針、PIV、導(dǎo)葉葉片靜壓和進(jìn)口流動(dòng)噪聲的瞬態(tài)測(cè)量等試驗(yàn),通過評(píng)估導(dǎo)葉壓力恢復(fù)能力和分析葉輪上、下游流場(chǎng)的瞬態(tài)特性,對(duì)離心泵動(dòng)靜干涉作用引起的湍流脈動(dòng)機(jī)理進(jìn)行了研究。研究結(jié)果表明：導(dǎo)葉內(nèi)脈動(dòng)的速度場(chǎng)存在變化明顯的徑向分量,表明模型泵整體等同于聲源向外輻射噪聲,速度場(chǎng)的切向脈動(dòng)更加強(qiáng)烈表明聲源具有明顯的偶極子特征；按壓力損失情況可以將導(dǎo)葉劃分為無葉片區(qū)域、導(dǎo)葉進(jìn)口至喉部區(qū)域和喉部下游區(qū)域,導(dǎo)葉靜壓恢復(fù)系數(shù)隨流量的減小而變大；導(dǎo)葉設(shè)計(jì)流量下葉輪出口至導(dǎo)葉喉部區(qū)域的壓力損失最��；小于設(shè)計(jì)流量時(shí),壓力損失主要集中在導(dǎo)葉無葉片區(qū)域,較大的液流角引起導(dǎo)葉進(jìn)口的回流,復(fù)雜的流動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)造成較大的能量損失,并且隨著流量的逐步減小葉輪進(jìn)口發(fā)生回流,回流可以延伸到進(jìn)口管形成失速團(tuán),這是小流量情況下湍流噪聲的主要來源；大流量下壓力損失主要發(fā)生在導(dǎo)葉喉部以后區(qū)域,導(dǎo)葉壓力面附近的流動(dòng)分離是壓力損失和流動(dòng)噪聲的主要原因,但由于葉輪的阻隔下游的寬頻湍流噪聲不易傳播到上游進(jìn)口管。
[Abstract]:This article is in the "National Outstanding Youth Science Foundation of basic theory of centrifugal pump and energy-saving key technology research" (50825902), key technology research project "million kilowatt class nuclear ionization heart pump National Science and technology support" (2011BAF14B04) and low noise centrifugal pump hydraulic design method and key technology research and innovation fund of Jiangsu province "graduate" (CXZZ12-0679) to carry out the work of funding. With the environmental regulations, users put forward higher requirements on the vibration and noise index of the product, the generation mechanism of centrifugal pump noise and how to set the basic master meter method in the traditional centrifugal pump, by optimizing the geometric parameters of centrifugal pump to improve the hydraulic efficiency and reduce the noise level of centrifugal pump that has become an important research topic. This paper uses the analysis of the mechanism, characteristics and test method of combining numerical simulation on flow noise of centrifugal pump. The aim of this paper is to establish several hydraulic design criteria for high efficiency and low noise centrifugal pumps. The main work and creative achievements of this paper are as follows:
1. summarizes and analyzes the classification system of centrifugal pump noise and cause, put forward centrifugal pump noise measurement and evaluation of the existing standards can not meet the needs of the noise assessment, the centrifugal pump flow induced noise is the key measurement and assessment of noise of centrifugal pump unit. The results show that the important factors of centrifugal pump flow induced noise is unstable fluid the internal flow field of the source mainly includes: the interaction between static and dynamic components, radial force in non design conditions and unstable flow phenomena.
2. to build a test platform for centrifugal pump flow induced noise, a passive four terminal network method of acoustic test model, experimental study on the flow noise of centrifugal pump with the operating conditions (variable flow and variable speed) changes in the law, analyses the flow noise characteristics of reflux and cavitation occurs. The cutting effect on the flow model of the pump noise level and through the study of the impeller cavitation performance, put forward the optimum gap between the impeller and the casing tongue value. The results show that: the model pump reflux occurs when the flow rate is small, the noise sound pressure level to maintain a high level, after 0.6Qd, the sound pressure level decreases with the increasing of flow rate decreases, and reaches the minimum at the highest efficiency, then increased rapidly with; the improvement of speed, centrifugal pump, outlet flow induced noise level increased linearly, the flow noise changes of centrifugal pump export than import; with the decrease of cavitation coefficient, flow noise The total sound pressure gradually increased, and decreased in the distribution; optimal model clearance between the pump impeller and the tongue of the value of 15%, the gap value is less than the optimal value, the impellers can significantly reduce the sound pressure level of flow noise and enhance the model of pump cavitation performance; in high efficiency operation, frequency of flow noise and frequency for the leaf double shaft frequency and frequency are extreme, reflux phenomenon occurs due to the import of pre swirl caused by clogging, the flow noise energy to shaft frequency and low frequency, cavitation phenomenon occurs, with decreasing cavitation coefficient, the noise spectrum can amount to high concentration, but the peak frequency of blade passing frequency and its harmonics gradually decreased until disappeared.
3. combined with the use of computational fluid dynamics and acoustics (CFD/CA) hybrid algorithm of IS65-50-165 flow model of pump induced noise is solved, and analyzed the influence of acoustic coupling effect on the flow induced noise calculation. It was found that the flow solver, using Scale Adaptive Simulation (SAS) turbulence simulation can avoid excessive demand on the grid and calculation resources, and can satisfy the need of calculating the sound source information. The results show that: the distance between tongue position close to the monitoring point fluctuating intensity, show that the impeller and volute tongue of rotor stator interaction is mainly caused by the flow pulsation, the tongue position is the main noise source; through experiment, in the efficient operation of the pump within the range of CFD/CA based on the numerical calculation error is less than 3.1%, can fully satisfy the needs of engineering optimization, the acoustic boundary element method in frequency and blade frequency noise sound level Has the advantage of solving the acoustic finite element method modeling, although more complex, but can directly show the volume source distribution of flow field and solving the broadband turbulence noise into account, the calculation results agree with the actual work; pump running non efficient area, calculate the sound field will not accurately reflect the characteristics of sound field model of the pump using only the dipole source; the acoustic vibration coupling on the blade by affecting the sound pressure frequency is very small.
With 4. blade frequency noise level, head, shaft power and efficiency of these four indicators as the judgment standard, use technology to perform the multi-objective optimization design of centrifugal pump impeller numerical simulation of weight matrix method is adopted for the first time, a group of hydraulic model optimization. By comparison with the prototype impeller impeller optimization, the optimization model of all the standard, to verify the feasibility of numerical optimization method. Through testing the flow field of PIV found in the tongue: on the flow field is greatly affected by the impeller and tongue movement interference, flow velocity, cloud distribution changes of this period, not only a direct role in the interaction of fluid near the tongue, but also along the upstream propagation effect of impeller inlet flow; high efficiency and low noise design of centrifugal pump impeller is the key to reasonable selection of the impeller and the separation tongue gap, and weaken the impeller wake flow pulsation.
5. proposed can greatly reduce the radiation noise of ejector electric centrifugal pump unit, comparing the prototype pump, add normal ejector diameter (dy=6mm) and large diameter ejector (dy=12mm) performance of the three model pump, and for the first time, numerical calculation of the internal flow field of centrifugal pump includes the entrained flow, research. The results show that the fan aerodynamic noise is generated when the operation of the centrifugal pump unit is an important part of radiated noise, using the jetting device, the noise reduction of about 8.3dB; dy=6mm, head model of pump efficiency and shaft power are not large, small flow pump model the critical cavitation number becomes smaller, add the ejector tube can effectively weaken the strength and reduce the return, the key point of the recirculation flow; dy=6mm, the ejector can greatly increase the actual flow of the impeller, the pump shaft power model increases significantly, while the head and the efficiency At the same time, due to the large flow of the vertical incidence of the ejector tube, the flow field of the inlet is further disturbed when the flow occurs, which counteracts the import boosting effect and causes the deterioration of cavitation performance.
6. French national higher engineering schools movement based on the interference experiment of three hole probe, a guide vane type centrifugal pump model PIV, transient measurement test by static pressure and flow noise import blade, through the pressure recovery and the ability of analysis and evaluation of the guide vanes on the impeller, the transient characteristics of the turbulent flow field downstream. The mechanism of centrifugal pump caused by static interference were studied. The results show that: the pulsation of the guide blades velocity change the radial component obviously, show that the model is equivalent to the whole pump source to radiate noise, the velocity field of the tangential fluctuation more strongly indicate that the dipole sound source has obvious characteristics; according to the pressure loss can be the guide blade divided into the leaf area, the guide vane inlet to the throat area and downstream of the throat area, the guide vane static pressure recovery coefficient with the flow rate decreased; the guide vane design flow Under the impeller outlet guide vane to the throat region of minimal pressure loss; less than the design flow, the pressure loss is mainly concentrated in the guide vane without leaf area, large flow angle caused by the reflux of diffuser inlet, the complex flow structure caused a great loss of energy, and gradually decreased as the flow inlet of the impeller can be reflow, reflux the inlet pipe extends to the formation of stall, this is the case of small flow main source of turbulent noise; high flow pressure loss mainly occurred in the region after the guide vane throat, flow separation near the blade pressure surface is the main cause of pressure loss and flow noise, but due to the wide turbulence noise barrier downstream of the impeller is not easy spread to the upstream of the inlet tube.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：江蘇大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號(hào)】：TH311

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