立式加工中心主軸熱誤差預(yù)測(cè)及補(bǔ)償
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-11-19 13:43
【摘要】：高速精密加工過(guò)程中,數(shù)控機(jī)床軸承、導(dǎo)軌、絲杠等摩擦產(chǎn)生的熱量及環(huán)境溫度的變化等引起機(jī)床零部件溫度的變化,進(jìn)而由于熱脹冷縮現(xiàn)象導(dǎo)致機(jī)床零部件的熱變形,使得熱誤差成為影響數(shù)控機(jī)床加工精度的主要因素之一。對(duì)數(shù)控機(jī)床進(jìn)行熱態(tài)特性分析,建立高精度的機(jī)床熱誤差補(bǔ)償模型,可以達(dá)到減小加工誤差,提高加工精度的目的。由于機(jī)床主軸高速運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)下產(chǎn)生大量的熱量,因此機(jī)床的加工精度在很大程度上依賴于機(jī)床主軸的精度。對(duì)主軸熱變形影響最大的因素是主軸前后軸承的摩擦熱。當(dāng)主軸旋轉(zhuǎn)時(shí),主軸前后軸承摩擦生熱,產(chǎn)生的熱量傳遞到主軸、刀柄等,導(dǎo)致主軸系統(tǒng)的熱變形,從而影響機(jī)床的加工精度。本文基于立式加工中心主軸系統(tǒng)的熱態(tài)特性實(shí)驗(yàn)分析,分別建立了基于指數(shù)函數(shù)的機(jī)床主軸熱誤差補(bǔ)償模型、基于時(shí)序分析的機(jī)床主軸熱誤差補(bǔ)償模型及基于殘差分析的機(jī)床主軸混合熱誤差補(bǔ)償模型用于減少主軸熱變形對(duì)主軸熱變形量的影響。主要研究?jī)?nèi)容包括：(1)設(shè)計(jì)了機(jī)床主軸系統(tǒng)熱態(tài)特性分析實(shí)驗(yàn),測(cè)量機(jī)床主軸熱變形量、主軸軸端溫度及機(jī)床環(huán)境溫度。對(duì)實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行分析,研究了機(jī)床主軸溫度場(chǎng)及熱變形量的變化規(guī)律。(2)在對(duì)機(jī)床主軸進(jìn)行熱特性分析的基礎(chǔ)上,建立了基于指數(shù)函數(shù)的機(jī)床主軸熱誤差補(bǔ)償模型。通過(guò)驗(yàn)證實(shí)驗(yàn)證明該模型在主軸恒速運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)和變速運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)兩種工況下均具有較高的精度,并且建模時(shí)間短、成本低,能夠方便快速的應(yīng)用到工廠生產(chǎn)環(huán)境中。但該模型為離線建模,需要進(jìn)行多次建模,否則難以適應(yīng)變化的加工條件要求和季節(jié)的交替變化,魯棒性不足。(3)應(yīng)用時(shí)間序列分析法建立的基于時(shí)序分析的機(jī)床主軸熱誤差補(bǔ)償模型。論述了如何應(yīng)用熱誤差時(shí)間序列建立熱誤差補(bǔ)償模型,并通過(guò)驗(yàn)證實(shí)驗(yàn)證明該模型在主軸恒速運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)和變速運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)兩種工況下均具有較高的精度。與基于指數(shù)函數(shù)的熱誤差補(bǔ)償模型相比,該模型為在線補(bǔ)償模型,能夠反映熱誤差周期性變化規(guī)律及隨機(jī)性變化規(guī)律,且魯棒性好。但該模型不能對(duì)機(jī)床主軸前期熱誤差進(jìn)行補(bǔ)償。(4)充分利用基于指數(shù)函數(shù)的熱誤差補(bǔ)償模型反映熱誤差趨勢(shì)性的特點(diǎn)及基于時(shí)序分析的熱誤差補(bǔ)償模型反映熱誤差隨機(jī)性特點(diǎn),建立基于殘差分析的混合熱誤差補(bǔ)償模型。通過(guò)實(shí)驗(yàn)證明該混合熱誤差補(bǔ)償模型即能更準(zhǔn)確的補(bǔ)償機(jī)床主軸熱誤差,同時(shí)彌補(bǔ)了前兩種熱誤差補(bǔ)償模型的不足。本論文得到山東省自主創(chuàng)新專項(xiàng)“高精度重心驅(qū)動(dòng)橋式五軸鏜銑加工中心關(guān)鍵技術(shù)研發(fā)及產(chǎn)業(yè)化”(2013CXH40101)的資助與支持。
[Abstract]:In the process of high speed precision machining, the change of the temperature of machine parts caused by friction such as bearing, guide rail, lead screw and so on causes the temperature of machine tool parts to change, and then the thermal deformation of machine tool parts is caused by the phenomenon of heat expansion and cold contraction. The thermal error becomes one of the main factors that affect the machining accuracy of NC machine tools. By analyzing the thermal characteristics of NC machine tools and establishing a high-precision compensation model of machine tool thermal error, the machining error can be reduced and the machining accuracy can be improved. The machining accuracy of machine tool depends on the precision of machine spindle to a great extent because of the large amount of heat produced by the machine tool spindle under high speed operation. The most important factor affecting the thermal deformation of spindle is the friction heat of bearing before and after spindle. When the spindle rotates, the friction heat from the front and back bearings of the spindle is transmitted to the spindle and the knife handle, which results in the thermal deformation of the spindle system, thus affecting the machining accuracy of the machine tool. Based on the experimental analysis of thermal characteristics of spindle system of vertical machining center, the thermal error compensation model of machine tool spindle based on exponential function is established in this paper. The thermal error compensation model of machine tool spindle based on time series analysis and the compensation model of machine tool spindle mixed heat error based on residual analysis are used to reduce the influence of spindle thermal deformation on spindle thermal deformation. The main contents of this paper are as follows: (1) the thermal characteristic analysis experiment of the machine tool spindle system is designed to measure the thermal deformation of the machine tool spindle, the temperature of the spindle shaft end and the temperature of the machine tool environment. The experimental data are analyzed and the variation of the temperature field and thermal deformation of the machine tool spindle is studied. (2) based on the analysis of the thermal characteristics of the machine tool spindle, the thermal error compensation model of the machine tool spindle based on exponential function is established. The experimental results show that the model has high precision under both constant spindle and variable speed operating conditions, and the modeling time is short, the cost is low, and the model can be applied to the factory production environment conveniently and quickly. But the model is off-line modeling, which needs to be modeled many times, otherwise it is difficult to adapt to the changing processing conditions and the alternation of seasons. (3) time series analysis is used to establish the compensation model of machine tool spindle thermal error based on time series analysis. This paper discusses how to use the time series of thermal error to establish the model of thermal error compensation, and proves that the model has high accuracy under the two conditions of constant speed operation and variable speed operation of spindle. Compared with the thermal error compensation model based on exponential function, the model is an online compensation model, which can reflect the regularity of periodic variation and randomness of thermal error, and has good robustness. However, the model can not compensate the thermal error of the machine tool spindle. (4) the thermal error compensation model based on exponential function is fully used to reflect the trend of thermal error and the thermal error compensation model based on time series analysis is used to reflect the thermal error compensation model. Randomness of thermal error, A hybrid thermal error compensation model based on residual analysis is established. It is proved by experiments that the hybrid heat error compensation model can compensate the spindle thermal error more accurately and make up for the deficiency of the former two thermal error compensation models. This paper is supported by Shandong independent innovation project "key Technology Research and industrialization (2013CXH40101) of High Precision Center of Gravity driving Axle Type five Axis boring and Milling Machining Center".
【學(xué)位授予單位】：山東大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號(hào)】：TG659
[Abstract]:In the process of high speed precision machining, the change of the temperature of machine parts caused by friction such as bearing, guide rail, lead screw and so on causes the temperature of machine tool parts to change, and then the thermal deformation of machine tool parts is caused by the phenomenon of heat expansion and cold contraction. The thermal error becomes one of the main factors that affect the machining accuracy of NC machine tools. By analyzing the thermal characteristics of NC machine tools and establishing a high-precision compensation model of machine tool thermal error, the machining error can be reduced and the machining accuracy can be improved. The machining accuracy of machine tool depends on the precision of machine spindle to a great extent because of the large amount of heat produced by the machine tool spindle under high speed operation. The most important factor affecting the thermal deformation of spindle is the friction heat of bearing before and after spindle. When the spindle rotates, the friction heat from the front and back bearings of the spindle is transmitted to the spindle and the knife handle, which results in the thermal deformation of the spindle system, thus affecting the machining accuracy of the machine tool. Based on the experimental analysis of thermal characteristics of spindle system of vertical machining center, the thermal error compensation model of machine tool spindle based on exponential function is established in this paper. The thermal error compensation model of machine tool spindle based on time series analysis and the compensation model of machine tool spindle mixed heat error based on residual analysis are used to reduce the influence of spindle thermal deformation on spindle thermal deformation. The main contents of this paper are as follows: (1) the thermal characteristic analysis experiment of the machine tool spindle system is designed to measure the thermal deformation of the machine tool spindle, the temperature of the spindle shaft end and the temperature of the machine tool environment. The experimental data are analyzed and the variation of the temperature field and thermal deformation of the machine tool spindle is studied. (2) based on the analysis of the thermal characteristics of the machine tool spindle, the thermal error compensation model of the machine tool spindle based on exponential function is established. The experimental results show that the model has high precision under both constant spindle and variable speed operating conditions, and the modeling time is short, the cost is low, and the model can be applied to the factory production environment conveniently and quickly. But the model is off-line modeling, which needs to be modeled many times, otherwise it is difficult to adapt to the changing processing conditions and the alternation of seasons. (3) time series analysis is used to establish the compensation model of machine tool spindle thermal error based on time series analysis. This paper discusses how to use the time series of thermal error to establish the model of thermal error compensation, and proves that the model has high accuracy under the two conditions of constant speed operation and variable speed operation of spindle. Compared with the thermal error compensation model based on exponential function, the model is an online compensation model, which can reflect the regularity of periodic variation and randomness of thermal error, and has good robustness. However, the model can not compensate the thermal error of the machine tool spindle. (4) the thermal error compensation model based on exponential function is fully used to reflect the trend of thermal error and the thermal error compensation model based on time series analysis is used to reflect the thermal error compensation model. Randomness of thermal error, A hybrid thermal error compensation model based on residual analysis is established. It is proved by experiments that the hybrid heat error compensation model can compensate the spindle thermal error more accurately and make up for the deficiency of the former two thermal error compensation models. This paper is supported by Shandong independent innovation project "key Technology Research and industrialization (2013CXH40101) of High Precision Center of Gravity driving Axle Type five Axis boring and Milling Machining Center".
【學(xué)位授予單位】：山東大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號(hào)】：TG659
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