【摘要】：磨損失效是工程應(yīng)用中設(shè)備的主要失效形式，而沖蝕磨損導(dǎo)致的失效占據(jù)了較大的比例。仿生學(xué)是一門逐步走向成熟的學(xué)科，，通過研究生物體的結(jié)構(gòu)特點、性狀、行為、功能、原理及相互作用，擇優(yōu)模仿并應(yīng)用于工程當(dāng)中，用以優(yōu)化裝置和機器的性能。本文將以仿生學(xué)為研究手段提高材料的耐沖蝕性能。 現(xiàn)代工程應(yīng)用中對材料耐沖蝕性能的要求越來越高，如何在保證工況要求的前提下提高材料的耐沖蝕性能成為了重要的研究方向。沙漠蜥蜴能夠生活在風(fēng)沙沖擊極為嚴重的沙漠之中，說明其表皮分層結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)異的耐沖蝕性能。本文以生活在沙漠中的蜥蜴為仿生對象，根據(jù)已有研究成果，進一步研究沙漠蜥蜴頭部和背部表皮結(jié)構(gòu)特點及表皮分層結(jié)構(gòu)耐沖蝕磨損的機理。 首先，對研究意義做出論證。綜合相關(guān)的沖蝕磨損理論，結(jié)合靶體表面發(fā)生變形后的情形進行沖蝕磨損機理分析，證明了變形的產(chǎn)生很大程度上影響了沖蝕磨損。在工程應(yīng)用中，當(dāng)延性材料受到固體粒子沖擊時，不論角度是大是小，變形的產(chǎn)生都會增加沖蝕磨損率，應(yīng)變越大，沖蝕磨損越嚴重。 其次，利用應(yīng)力波基本理論分析層結(jié)構(gòu)的動態(tài)力學(xué)特性。通過公式得出應(yīng)力波從波阻抗較大的材料傳入波阻抗較小的材料時產(chǎn)生反射卸載，相當(dāng)于減震緩沖；而當(dāng)應(yīng)力波反方向傳播時則會引起反射加載，導(dǎo)致透射強于入射。通過應(yīng)力波傳播時內(nèi)碰撞的分析可得出仿生層結(jié)構(gòu)能有效降低材料的破壞。以上結(jié)論證明了仿生層結(jié)構(gòu)力學(xué)特性的優(yōu)越。 再次，根據(jù)研究方向進行沖擊應(yīng)變測試試驗，研究靶體受沖擊時的應(yīng)力應(yīng)變大小并分析不同結(jié)構(gòu)的性能優(yōu)劣。采用DH-5923（4CH）動態(tài)信號測試采集儀及DHDAS（5923-1394）信號分析系統(tǒng)對靶體的沖擊應(yīng)變做采集和分析，以304不銹鋼及軋制純銅作為靶體，利用擺錘對不同仿生層結(jié)構(gòu)進行90°沖擊。試驗分為單因素對比試驗、多因素正交試驗及三層結(jié)構(gòu)對比試驗三部分：單因素對比試驗得出性能最優(yōu)結(jié)構(gòu)為304不銹鋼/硅膠，耐沖蝕性與仿生層結(jié)構(gòu)中兩種材料的波阻抗比有關(guān)；正交試驗分析了靶體材料、層數(shù)、沖擊速度及軟層材料等因素，利用SPSS軟件對試驗數(shù)據(jù)進行了方差和均值分析，得出靶體材料對耐沖蝕性能影響最大，之后依次為沖擊速度、軟層材料及結(jié)構(gòu)層數(shù)，并得出當(dāng)靶材為304不銹鋼、層結(jié)構(gòu)為三層、沖擊速度為V2及軟層材料為硅膠時耐沖蝕性能最好；三層結(jié)構(gòu)對比試驗分析下層硬結(jié)構(gòu)波阻抗差異對耐沖蝕性能的影響，對比得出，下層結(jié)構(gòu)波阻抗大于靶體材料波阻抗時性能最優(yōu)。 最后，本文通過ABAQUS軟件對試驗中的層結(jié)構(gòu)進行了球形金屬單粒子沖擊的數(shù)值模擬分析，通過分析后的數(shù)據(jù)得出了與沖擊應(yīng)變測試試驗相同的結(jié)論，更有力的證明了實體試驗中的結(jié)論。 本文通過理論、試驗及模擬分析對仿生層結(jié)構(gòu)進行了細致的研究驗證，得出多個相關(guān)結(jié)論，研究內(nèi)容及方法為仿生層結(jié)構(gòu)在材料耐沖蝕及碰撞耐沖擊等領(lǐng)域提供了有力的依據(jù)。
[Abstract]:Wear failure is the main failure form of equipment in engineering applications, and the failure of erosion and wear leads to a larger proportion. Bionics is a gradually mature subject. By studying the structure characteristics, characters, behavior, functions, principles and interaction of organisms, the imitation and should be used in the engineering to optimize the device and to optimize the device. The performance of the machine will be improved by bionics.
The demand for erosion resistance of materials is becoming more and more high in modern engineering applications. How to improve the corrosion resistance of materials under the condition of ensuring the working conditions has become an important research direction. Desert lizard can live in the desert with severe wind and sand impact, indicating the excellent erosion resistance of the layer structure of its epidermis. The lizards living in the desert are bionic objects. According to the existing research results, we further study the characteristics of the skin structure of the head and back of the desert lizard and the mechanism of erosion and abrasion resistance of the stratified structure of the epidermis.
First, the significance of the research is demonstrated. The comprehensive related erosion wear theory is combined with the analysis of the erosion wear mechanism of the target body after the deformation of the surface. It is proved that the formation of the deformation has a great influence on the erosion and wear. In engineering application, when the ductile material is impacted by the solid particles, the deformation is large and small. The erosion wear rate is increased, and the larger the strain is, the more serious erosion wear is.
Secondly, the dynamic mechanical characteristics of the layer structure are analyzed by the basic theory of stress wave. It is found that the stress wave produces the reflection unloading when the material with a larger impedance of the material has a smaller impedance of the material afferent wave, which is equivalent to the damping buffer, and when the reverse direction of the stress wave propagates, the back loading will be caused, which leads to the transmission stronger than the incident wave. The analysis of internal collisions during propagation shows that the biomimetic structure can effectively reduce the damage of materials. The above conclusion proves that the mechanical properties of bionic layers are superior.
Thirdly, according to the research direction, the impact strain test is carried out to study the size of the stress and strain of the target body and analyze the performance of different structures. The impact strain of the target body is collected and analyzed by DH-5923 (4CH) dynamic signal testing collector and DHDAS (5923-1394) signal analysis system, and 304 stainless steel and rolled pure copper are used as the analysis system. The target body has a 90 degree impact on the structure of different biomimetic layers by the pendulum. The test is divided into single factor contrast test, multi factor orthogonal test and three layer structure contrast test, three parts: the optimum structure of the single factor comparison test is 304 stainless steel / silica gel, and the resistance to erosion is related to the wave impedance ratio of the two materials in the biomimetic layer; The test analysis of the target material, the number of layers, the impact velocity and the soft layer material, using the SPSS software to analyze the variance and the mean value of the test data. It is concluded that the target material has the greatest impact on the erosion resistance, followed by the impact velocity, the soft layer material and the structure layer, and the target material is 304 stainless steel, the layer structure is three layers and the impact is impacted. When the velocity is V2 and the soft layer material is silica gel, it has the best erosion resistance, and the three layer structure contrast test analyses the influence of the difference of the wave impedance of the lower layer on the erosion resistance. The comparison shows that the performance of the lower structure wave impedance is greater than the wave impedance of the target material.
Finally, through the ABAQUS software, the numerical simulation analysis of the single particle impact of the spherical metal in the test is carried out. The same conclusion is obtained by the analysis of the data after the analysis of the impact strain test. The conclusion is proved more strongly in the solid test.
In this paper, through the theory, test and simulation analysis, the structure of the bionic layer is carefully studied and verified, and many relevant conclusions are obtained. The research contents and methods provide a powerful basis for the biomimetic layer structure in the field of material erosion resistance and impact and impact resistance.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：吉林大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：TG174.4

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