本文選題：交通安全 + 黑洞效應(yīng)��； 參考：《武漢理工大學(xué)》2014年碩士論文

【摘要】：本論文以國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目——高速行駛環(huán)境下視覺(jué)敏感區(qū)、視覺(jué)焦點(diǎn)區(qū)演化規(guī)律及應(yīng)用（項(xiàng)目編號(hào)：51008241），中國(guó)博士后基金項(xiàng)目——公路駕駛員視知覺(jué)時(shí)空隧道、黑洞效應(yīng)形成機(jī)理研究（項(xiàng)目編號(hào)：2012M511290）為依托。 我國(guó)是世界上公路隧道最多的國(guó)家，多數(shù)公路隧道處于低照度運(yùn)營(yíng)條件。白天公路隧道入口段照度過(guò)渡劇烈，導(dǎo)致隧道入口駕駛員暗適應(yīng)困難，容易誘發(fā)“黑洞效應(yīng)”，容易造成視覺(jué)障礙，難以辨別隧道內(nèi)交通信息，導(dǎo)致隧道入口超速比例高，追尾事故多發(fā)。一般采取的改善措施是加強(qiáng)照明，，緩和公路隧道入口處的照度過(guò)渡，但這種方式的投資、運(yùn)營(yíng)成本高，難以為隧道運(yùn)營(yíng)管理部門接受。 本文基于隧道入口微縮模型場(chǎng)景進(jìn)行照度過(guò)渡實(shí)驗(yàn)，利用E-prime2.0搭建平臺(tái)進(jìn)行視覺(jué)心理實(shí)驗(yàn)，并以瞳孔面積變動(dòng)為指標(biāo)分析隧道入口路段駕駛員視覺(jué)適應(yīng)特性；實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示：（1）公路隧道入口微縮模型（1:20）能夠有效模擬自隧道外進(jìn)入隧道過(guò)程中的瞳孔照度過(guò)渡情況；（2）根據(jù)視覺(jué)負(fù)荷評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)計(jì)算結(jié)果，隧道入口設(shè)施遮光效果從好到壞依次為：30°反削竹＞45°反削竹＞60°反削竹＞30°正削竹＞45°正削竹＞60°正削竹＞格柵式＞端墻式；（3）更長(zhǎng)的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)施更有助于接近隧道入口的過(guò)程中提早實(shí)現(xiàn)更平緩的照度過(guò)渡，且反削竹比正削竹的形式具有更好的遮光效果；（4）進(jìn)入隧道過(guò)程中，過(guò)大的照度過(guò)渡率易加重駕駛員視覺(jué)負(fù)荷，并加劇心理緊張，造成視覺(jué)震蕩，即視覺(jué)“黑洞效應(yīng)”，并對(duì)車速、車距信息感知產(chǎn)生嚴(yán)重的判斷誤差，即視錯(cuò)覺(jué)；（6）根據(jù)視覺(jué)心理實(shí)驗(yàn)比選結(jié)果，在相同遮光部位下，速度錯(cuò)覺(jué)和碰撞時(shí)間錯(cuò)覺(jué)的大小與遮光長(zhǎng)度相關(guān)，即越長(zhǎng)的遮光設(shè)施其錯(cuò)覺(jué)量越有降低的趨勢(shì)；在相同遮光長(zhǎng)度下，遮擋天空的反削竹設(shè)施對(duì)錯(cuò)覺(jué)量的降低程度更高于遮擋道路兩側(cè)的正削竹設(shè)施；（7）重構(gòu)的視覺(jué)參照系能夠?yàn)轳{駛員提供具有強(qiáng)刺激的視覺(jué)信息，通過(guò)多道頻率組合的視覺(jué)參照系可以為駕駛員提供有效判斷車速的依據(jù)，但對(duì)碰撞時(shí)間錯(cuò)覺(jué)的影響不顯著。 參照物理學(xué)中“黑洞”形狀，提出一種隧道入口接近段的30-50m長(zhǎng)的喇叭形結(jié)構(gòu)遮光設(shè)計(jì)，緩和隧道接近段的照度過(guò)渡，延長(zhǎng)駕駛員的暗適應(yīng)時(shí)間；同時(shí)利用基于整體光流率的駕駛員速度感知原理、在隧道入口側(cè)墻布置一定密度、大小、頻率的逆反射材料（如輪廓標(biāo)），提升駕駛員的速度感、方向感、距離感，并能主動(dòng)控速，將有效緩解隧道入口的視覺(jué)“黑洞效應(yīng)”，保障隧道入口處的交通安全。
[Abstract]:In this paper, the evolution and application of visual sensitive areas and visual focus areas in high-speed driving environment, a project of National Natural Science Foundation of China (project No.: 51008241), China Post-doctoral Foundation Project-Highway drivers' Visual perception Space-time Tunnel, are presented. Study on the formation Mechanism of Black Hole effect (item No.: 2012M 511290). China is the country with the most highway tunnels in the world. During the day, the intense illumination transition in the entrance section of the highway tunnel leads to the difficulty of dark adaptation of the drivers at the entrance of the tunnel, and it is easy to induce "black hole effect". It is easy to cause visual obstacles, and it is difficult to discern the traffic information in the tunnel. Rear-end accidents are common. Generally, the improvement measures are to strengthen the lighting and ease the illumination transition at the entrance of the highway tunnel, but the investment in this way is high in operating cost and difficult to be accepted by the tunnel operation management department. In this paper, the illumination transition experiment is carried out based on the tunnel entrance microscale model scene, the visual psychological experiment is carried out by using E-prime2.0 platform, and the visual adaptation characteristics of the driver in the tunnel entrance section are analyzed with the pupil area change as the index. The experimental results show that the 1: 20 (1: 20) model can effectively simulate the pupil illumination transition in the process of entering the tunnel from outside the tunnel. The light shading effect of tunnel entrance facilities from good to bad is: 30 擄reverse bamboo > 45 擄reverse bamboo > 60 擄reverse cut bamboo > 30 擄straight cut bamboo > 45 擄straight cut bamboo > 60 擄straight cut bamboo > grid type > end wall type.) the longer structure facilities are more helpful to the process of approaching the tunnel entrance. To achieve a smoother illumination transition early in the year, In the process of entering the tunnel, the excessive transition rate of illumination easily increases the visual load of the driver and intensifies the psychological tension, resulting in visual concussion, that is, the "black hole effect" of vision. According to the result of visual psychological experiment, the magnitude of velocity illusion and collision time illusion is related to the length of shading under the same shading position. That is, the longer the shading facility, the lower the amount of illusion; under the same shading length, The reduction of optical illusion by the anti-cutting bamboo in the sky is more serious than that by the right-cutting bamboo on both sides of the blocking road.) the reconstructed visual reference frame can provide the driver with strong visual information. The visual reference frame with multi-channel frequency combination can provide a basis for the driver to judge the speed effectively, but the effect on the illusion of collision time is not significant. According to the shape of "black hole" in physics, a 30-50m long loudspeaker structure shading design of the approaching section of tunnel entrance is proposed to ease the illumination transition of the tunnel approach section and prolong the dark adaptation time of the driver. At the same time, using the principle of driver's velocity perception based on the overall optical flow rate, a certain density, size and frequency are arranged in the entrance wall of the tunnel (such as contour mark, to enhance the driver's sense of speed, direction, distance, etc. The speed control can effectively alleviate the "black hole effect" at the entrance of the tunnel and ensure the traffic safety at the entrance of the tunnel.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：武漢理工大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號(hào)】：U491.25

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