本文關(guān)鍵詞： 非充分照明環(huán)境 隧道 HRV 眼動 生理影響　出處：《內(nèi)蒙古農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)》2014年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：我國是一個多山的國家,75%左右的國土是山地或重丘[1],隧道工程在道路建設(shè)過程中因其具有縮短通行時間、全天候、對生態(tài)環(huán)境干擾影響小的優(yōu)點而受到廣泛重視,而且,公路隧道已逐漸成為山地或重丘地形環(huán)境中高等級公路建設(shè)不可或缺的重要組成部分。 公路隧道作為一種特殊的交通構(gòu)造物,因其空間高度受限、縱深長,且空間寬度比常規(guī)公路小而形成了一個相對封閉的空間環(huán)境。在這樣一個封閉空間中,對光照環(huán)境的設(shè)置在理論上必須符合《規(guī)范》要求,而在實際運行管理過程當(dāng)中,完全按照《規(guī)范》要求的隧道照明產(chǎn)生的巨大能耗給隧道運營管理帶來了極大的壓力,因而在實際運行過程中,經(jīng)常會在日常行車過程中采用低于設(shè)計照明要求的非充分照明來節(jié)約成本和維系日常運營。調(diào)查表明,多數(shù)隧道照明都會因為巨大的能耗壓力而處于非充分照明狀態(tài),而這種非充分照明狀態(tài)正是導(dǎo)致高等級公路上的交通事故發(fā)生主要集中在隧道這一瓶頸路段的主要原因。因此,研究特長隧道內(nèi)非充分照明環(huán)境對駕駛員的心理和生理影響,能夠進一步明晰公路隧道交通照明環(huán)境的必要條件,從而在提高行車安全、進一步發(fā)揮公路交通人機環(huán)境系統(tǒng)有效性、降低隧道照明運行管理成本等方面發(fā)揮其應(yīng)有的積極作用。 本文通過對特長隧道交通環(huán)境中實時動態(tài)照度分布實驗,分析了隧道內(nèi)照明環(huán)境基本狀況,確定了特長隧道內(nèi)非充分照明環(huán)境的基本特征；通過實駕實驗初步分析非充分照明環(huán)境對駕駛員的生理指標(biāo)的影響,并通過實驗過程中采集的心電及眼動信號的敏感性分析確定本實驗研究的心電及眼動指標(biāo)；運用心率變異分析方法對實駕實驗中的駕駛員心電信號進行分析,進一步深入研究特長隧道內(nèi)非充分照明環(huán)境對駕駛員生理反應(yīng)的影響；基于生理學(xué)角度對各實驗駕駛員進行分析,探討特長隧道內(nèi)非充分照明環(huán)境卞駕駛員的眼動變化特性；根據(jù)眼動與心電變化的共同之處并加以分析,確定特長隧道內(nèi)非充分照明環(huán)境對駕駛員產(chǎn)生的生理變化共性規(guī)律,提出隧道光環(huán)境建設(shè)的具體思路和想法。 研究結(jié)果表明,在特長隧道內(nèi)非充分照明環(huán)境對不同速度下駕駛員的生理影響存在一定差異,主要表現(xiàn)為以下幾個方面： (1)通過對秦嶺終南山隧道內(nèi)照明狀況實測與分析,得出兩個通行方向隧道的實際照明環(huán)境與《規(guī)范》及隧道設(shè)計照明要求存在較大差距,其中入口段照度差距比為1/7.425(雙向均值),中間段差距比為1/8.8(雙向均值),出口段差距比為1/4.205(雙向均值),該隧道的非充分照明環(huán)境特性顯著。 (2)在非充分照明環(huán)境下,通過HRV指標(biāo)的綜合分析得出：在低速(60kmm/h)狀態(tài)下,駕駛員普遍表現(xiàn)出穩(wěn)態(tài)區(qū)間內(nèi)的心生理壓力上升,產(chǎn)生了不同程度的生理緊張情緒,且駕駛員的駕齡、駕駛經(jīng)驗、環(huán)境熟悉程度越高,其生理壓力的差異性表現(xiàn)越小；在高速(80km/h)狀態(tài)下,駕駛員在穩(wěn)態(tài)區(qū)間內(nèi)的心生理壓力波動變化加劇,對自身生理變化的綜合控制能力存在較為明顯的個體差異：不同速度下,受駕駛員對自身生理變化的綜合控制能力影響,駕駛員的生理適應(yīng)性表現(xiàn)不同,駕駛員的駕齡、駕駛經(jīng)驗、環(huán)境熟悉程度等外在因素影響微弱。 (3)在非充分照明環(huán)境下,通過對駕駛員眼動指標(biāo)綜合分析得出：在隧道出入口段,駕駛員對黑洞效應(yīng)和白洞效應(yīng)的生理適應(yīng)性存在差異,入口暗適應(yīng)時間短于出口明適應(yīng),速度越大,差異越��；眨眼時間在低速和高速狀態(tài)下的趨勢變化及結(jié)論基本一致,有80%的駕駛員表現(xiàn)為穩(wěn)定區(qū)間內(nèi)變化,說明了非充分照明環(huán)境下,眨眼時間對多數(shù)駕駛員的心生理變化表現(xiàn)不明顯；在低速狀態(tài)的瞳孔直徑均值小于高速狀態(tài)；低速(60km/h)行車條件下,掃視幅度多表現(xiàn)出間歇性的連續(xù)上升和下降變化,這種變化說明了駕駛員在隧道內(nèi)行車時產(chǎn)生了一定的生理壓力,且在面對壓力的自我調(diào)節(jié)過程有明顯的階段性狀態(tài)調(diào)整表現(xiàn),結(jié)合HRV分析結(jié)果,得出階段性狀態(tài)調(diào)整與交感神經(jīng)活性增強有關(guān);高速(80km/h)行車條件下,駕駛員的掃視幅度的范圍和幅度變化規(guī)律與瞳孔直徑變化一致,階段性狀態(tài)調(diào)整表現(xiàn)變?nèi)?迷走神經(jīng)活性增強。 因此,秦嶺終南山隧道內(nèi)的非充分照明環(huán)境在低速行車狀態(tài)下對駕駛員的生理影響不大,而在高速行車狀態(tài)下則產(chǎn)生了一定的影響,基于此,提出以下幾點建議： (1)在非充分照明環(huán)境下,進一步加大出入口段的照明長度,縮小照明緩和的梯度差,確保駕駛員在進出隧道過程中有足夠的生理適應(yīng)時間； (2)在保證駕駛員具有充足生理適應(yīng)時間的基礎(chǔ)上,中間段照明可以維系目前的非充分照明條件。
[Abstract]:China is a mountainous country, about 75% of the land is mountainous or hilly [1], tunnel engineering in road construction process, shorten the travel time, because of its all-weather, on the ecological environment impact small advantages have attracted wide attention, and the highway tunnel has gradually become an important part of high grade highway the construction of mountainous or hilly terrain environment.
Highway tunnel is a special traffic structure, because of the limited space, long depth, width and space is smaller than the conventional highway to form a relatively closed space environment. In such a closed space, the light environment is set up in theory must meet the specification requirements of < >, and in the actual operation and management process, huge energy consumption in full accordance with the requirements of the specification of the tunnel lighting "have brought great pressure to the tunnel operation management, so in the actual operating process, often by less than the design lighting requirements of non full lighting to save costs and maintain daily operations in the daily process of traffic survey showed that. Most, tunnel lighting will be because of the huge pressure of energy consumption in non sufficient lighting state, and this is not sufficient lighting status is the cause of high grade highway traffic accidents are mainly concentrated in the tunnel The main reason for this bottleneck. Therefore, the research of tunnel lighting effects in full to the driver's psychological and physiological environment, to further clarify the highway tunnel lighting environment is the necessary condition, in order to improve the traffic safety, to further develop the effectiveness of environmental system of highway transportation machine, play its positive role on reducing tunnel lighting operation and management cost.
Based on the tunnel traffic environment in real-time dynamic illuminance distribution experiment, analysis of the tunnel lighting environment basic situation, determine the basic characteristics of the tunnel in full lighting environment; through the real driving experiment preliminary analysis of physiological effects of non sufficient lighting environment of the driver, and determine the ECG and eye movement index of this experimental study by the sensitivity of ECG signal acquisition and eye movement experiment in the process of analysis; using HRV analysis methods to analyze the real driving driver of ECG signal in the experiment, study the influence of tunnel lighting environment on specialty Daoneifei full driver's physiological reaction; on the analysis of driver's physiological angle based on the characteristics of the tunnel in eye movement study full lighting environment Bian driver; according to the common eye movements and changes of ECG and The general rule of physiological changes produced by the non sufficient lighting environment in the long tunnel is determined, and the concrete ideas and ideas of the tunnel light environment construction are put forward.
The results show that there are some differences in the physiological effects of the inadequate lighting environment on the drivers under different speeds in the super long tunnel, mainly in the following aspects.
(1) based on the measurement and analysis of Qinling Mountains Zhongnanshan tunnel lighting condition, draw two passing direction of tunnel lighting environment and the actual specification > and < tunnel lighting design requirements there is a big gap, the gap ratio is 1/7.425 at the entrance of illumination (bidirectional mean), middle distance is 1/8.8 (bidirectional mean). Export gap ratio is 1/4.205 (bidirectional mean), non sufficient lighting environment characteristics of the tunnel significantly.
(2) in non sufficient lighting environment, through a comprehensive analysis of the HRV index in the low speed (60kmm/h) condition, the driver generally showed heart physiological pressure range in the steady rise, the physiological tension in different degree, and the driver's driving experience, driving experience, the higher the familiarity of the environment, the difference the performance of pressure is smaller; at high speed (80km/h) under the condition of increasing the driver's psychological and physiological changes in the steady-state pressure fluctuation range, there are individual differences more obvious comprehensive ability to control the physiological change: not the same speed, the control ability of drivers change on their physiological effects, physiological adaptability the performance is different, the driver's driving experience, driving experience, familiarity of the environment external factors such as weak effect.
(3) in non sufficient lighting environment, obtained by comprehensive analysis on the driver's eye movement index: in the tunnel entrance section, the driver of the black hole effect and physiological adaptability of white hole effect difference, dark adaptation time is shorter than the entrance exit light adaptation, greater speed, the smaller the differences; blink at low speed and time variation and conclusion under high speed conditions consistent with the drivers for 80%, performance stable range, the non sufficient lighting environment, blink time physiological changes for most drivers' performance is not obvious; the pupil diameter is less than average in the state of low speed high speed; low speed (60km/h) driving conditions, showing the amplitude of saccades intermittent continuous rise and fall change, this change shows that the drivers in the tunnel have certain physiological pressure, and in the face of pressure self regulating process of Ming Dynasty Phase adjustment performance significantly, according to the analysis results of HRV, the enhanced phase adjustment and sympathetic nerve activity (80km/h); high speed driving conditions, the scope of the driver and the magnitude of saccade amplitude variation and pupil diameter change, phase state adjustment performance is weak, increased activity of the vagus nerve.
Therefore, the inadequate illumination environment in Zhongnan Mountain Tunnel in Qinling Mountains has little influence on the driver's physiology under low speed driving condition, but it has a certain impact on the high-speed driving condition. Based on this, the following suggestions are put forward.
(1) under the condition of inadequate illumination, we should further increase the lighting length of the entry and exit section, reduce the gradient difference between lighting and mitigation, and ensure that drivers have enough physiological adaptation time in the process of entering and leaving the tunnel.
(2) on the basis of ensuring that the driver has adequate physiological adaptation time, the middle section lighting can maintain the current inadequate lighting conditions.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：內(nèi)蒙古農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號】：U453.7;U491.25

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