【摘要】：運動精度作為一項評判數(shù)控機床綜合性能的重要指標,也在很大程度上對零件的加工質(zhì)量起決定性作用。相較于試件切削法,儀器檢測法能夠更加高效、便捷地對機床運動精度進行檢測,廣泛應用于數(shù)控機床驗收及日常維護中。但是,隨著五軸數(shù)控機床的普及,傳統(tǒng)檢測儀器的局限性和繁瑣性日益顯現(xiàn)。RTCP(Rotation Tool Center Point)功能是高檔五軸數(shù)控機床的必備功能,其主要目的是提高數(shù)控編程效率和減小由旋轉(zhuǎn)軸引起的非線性運動誤差。該功能開啟時,可通過后置指令控制機床刀尖點在工件坐標系中相對靜止,而刀軸矢量沿指定軌跡運動,使得平動軸和旋轉(zhuǎn)軸均參與聯(lián)動且運動范圍較大�；谠撎攸c發(fā)展起來的RTCP誤差測量方法因待測范圍縮小而提高了測量精度,且一次安裝即可獲取三維運動誤差而使得效率更高。但是該測量方式無法準確獲得與運動誤差對應的各軸位移信息,導致后續(xù)的機床誤差溯源和補償精度難以提高。為了解決這一問題,本文進行了如下研究:1、分析機床RTCP誤差測量方式中同時獲取運動誤差和各軸位置信息所導致的時延缺陷,結(jié)合RTCP功能開啟時各軸間運動位置的約束關(guān)系提出一種同步測量方法,設計配套的同步采集系統(tǒng)解決方案,并論證其合理性。2、根據(jù)功能需求以及技術(shù)指標,完成系統(tǒng)詳細設計和關(guān)鍵器件選型。在分析半橋電感測頭工作原理的基礎上,完成基于AD698調(diào)理電路的設計和制作調(diào)試,并進一步對其靜態(tài)特性進行標定;完成編碼器倍頻鑒相電路的設計和制作調(diào)試,并編寫相應的CPLD倍頻程序。在此基礎上實現(xiàn)采集系統(tǒng)硬件部分的集成。3、以LabVIEW作為開發(fā)平臺,在軟件需求分析及總體設計的基礎上完成采集應用程序的編寫,其功能主要包括測試前的設備調(diào)試、由機床主軸啟動觸發(fā)的多通道同步采集、數(shù)據(jù)前處理及實時存儲和結(jié)果顯示。人機界面簡潔、友好,最后的“誤差-位移”曲線可為機床誤差溯源和補償提供依據(jù)。4、針對同步測量系統(tǒng)能否實現(xiàn)五軸機床刀尖點誤差及運動姿態(tài)的同步測量及其相對于傳統(tǒng)測量方式的優(yōu)勢,本文設計并完成了基于五軸數(shù)控機床的對比實驗,驗證了該系統(tǒng)的基本功能、同步性及測量結(jié)果的準確性。
[Abstract]:As an important index to evaluate the comprehensive performance of NC machine tools, motion accuracy also plays a decisive role in the machining quality of parts to a great extent. Compared with the sample cutting method, the instrument detection method is more efficient and convenient to detect the movement accuracy of the machine tool, and is widely used in the acceptance and daily maintenance of the NC machine tool. However, with the popularization of five-axis CNC machine tool, the limitation and triviality of traditional testing instrument increasingly show that. RTCP (Rotation Tool Center Point) function is the essential function of high-grade five-axis CNC machine tool. The main purpose is to improve the efficiency of NC programming and reduce the nonlinear motion error caused by rotation axis. When the function is turned on, the tip point of the machine tool can be controlled to rest relatively in the workpiece coordinate system by post instruction, and the vector of the tool shaft moves along the specified trajectory, which makes both the translation axis and the rotation axis take part in the linkage and the motion range is large. The RTCP error measurement method developed based on this feature improves the measurement accuracy because of the reduction of the range to be tested, and the three-dimensional motion error can be obtained by one installation, which makes the efficiency higher. However, the measurement method can not accurately obtain the displacement information corresponding to the motion error, which leads to the error tracing and compensation accuracy of the subsequent machine tool is difficult to improve. In order to solve this problem, the following researches are carried out in this paper: 1. The time delay defects caused by the simultaneous acquisition of motion error and position information of each axis in the RTCP error measurement method of machine tools are analyzed. Combined with the constraint relation of the moving position between the axes when the RTCP function is opened, a synchronous measuring method is proposed, and the corresponding solution of the synchronous acquisition system is designed, and its rationality is demonstrated. 2. According to the function requirement and the technical index, the method of measuring synchronously is put forward. Complete the system detailed design and key device selection. Based on the analysis of the working principle of the half-bridge inductance probe, the design and debugging of the regulating circuit based on AD698 are completed, and the static characteristics of the circuit are calibrated, and the design and debugging of the frequency doubling circuit of the encoder are completed. And write the corresponding CPLD frequency doubling program. On this basis, the hardware part of the acquisition system is integrated. 3. With LabVIEW as the development platform, the acquisition application program is compiled on the basis of the software requirement analysis and the overall design. Its functions mainly include the debugging of the equipment before testing. Multi-channel synchronous acquisition, data pre-processing, real-time storage and result display triggered by machine tool spindle. Simple man-machine interface, friendly, Finally, the "error-displacement" curve can provide the basis for the error tracing and compensation of machine tools. 4. In view of whether the synchronous measurement system can realize synchronous measurement of tool tip error and motion attitude of five-axis machine tool and its advantages over traditional measurement methods, In this paper, a comparative experiment based on 5-axis NC machine tool is designed and completed, which verifies the basic function, synchronicity and accuracy of the measurement results of the system.
【學位授予單位】：電子科技大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：TG659

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