【摘要】：面對(duì)科學(xué)技術(shù)的日新月異,材料將承受越來越多的極限工況,特別是軸承材料將面臨極端的載荷作用,其摩擦磨損可能與在傳統(tǒng)低載荷下的工況有所區(qū)別,導(dǎo)致其耐磨性能表現(xiàn)不佳。因此,研究軸承材料在重載條件下的耐磨性變得十分重要。本次實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)象選擇使用最為廣泛的GCr15軸承鋼,主要研究淬火溫度和表面滲氮對(duì)其耐磨性能的影響,并選擇M2高速鋼作為對(duì)比材料,從耐磨性角度討論M2高速鋼作為重載軸承用鋼的可能性,在研究過程中主要討論回火次數(shù)對(duì)其耐磨性能的影響。實(shí)驗(yàn)中采用了光學(xué)顯微鏡(OM)、掃描電鏡(SEM)、能譜分析儀(EDS)和X射線衍射分析儀(XRD)等測(cè)試手段研究了熱處理對(duì)軸承材料組織和性能的影響,利用旋轉(zhuǎn)摩擦試驗(yàn)機(jī)測(cè)低載荷條件下材料的摩擦性能,利用高溫重載摩擦試驗(yàn)機(jī)測(cè)重載條件下材料的摩擦性能,并通過力學(xué)性能測(cè)試和磨損形貌觀察,探討磨損機(jī)理,其結(jié)果表明:1)GCr15淬火時(shí)常常得到"黑白區(qū)"形貌。淬火后組織均為馬氏體+碳化物+殘余奧氏體,隨著淬火溫度的升高,馬氏體形態(tài)由隱針狀逐步變成粗針狀,在860 ℃淬火硬度取最大值為HRC62.1,彈性模量為206.421 GPa。GCr15經(jīng)滲氮后形成了三個(gè)區(qū):氧化膜層、滲氮層和擴(kuò)散層,滲氮層由γ-Fe4N和ε-Fe2-3N相組成,滲層厚度可達(dá)100μm,硬度從內(nèi)部到表面逐漸升高,滲氮后表面硬度增加。M2高速鋼淬火組織為馬氏體+合金碳化物+殘余奧氏體,碳化物主要為MC、M7C3、M3C2型碳化物,在高溫回火過程中會(huì)發(fā)生二次硬化現(xiàn)象,二次回火后得到更多細(xì)小的碳化物,洛氏硬度和彈性模量分別為63.1和244.526 GPa,均比一次回火試樣高。M2高速鋼壓縮屈服強(qiáng)度明顯高于GCr15。2)在低載和重載條件下,熱處理對(duì)GCr15耐磨性的影響相似。隨著淬火溫度從840 ℃升高到900 ℃,摩擦系數(shù)先減少后增加,經(jīng)860 ℃淬火的試樣摩擦系數(shù)與磨損率均最小。在同種熱處理狀態(tài)下,GCr15的摩擦系數(shù)隨著接觸應(yīng)力的增大而減少,且減少幅度變小,磨損率隨接觸應(yīng)力的增大而增大。材料的磨損率與硬度、彈性性模量有關(guān),但并不是呈現(xiàn)簡單的線性關(guān)系。在低載荷條件下,GCr15主要發(fā)生磨粒磨損,在重載條件下,GCr15主要發(fā)生嚴(yán)重的粘著磨損。3)表面滲氮對(duì)GCr15耐磨性的影響是復(fù)雜的。載荷較低時(shí),GCr15表面滲氮能減小摩擦系數(shù),降低磨損率,主要發(fā)生輕微擦傷,有少部分的剝離現(xiàn)象。在0.75 GPa、0.94 GPa、1.08 GPa的接觸應(yīng)力下,滲氮試樣的磨損率較未滲氮試樣分別降低46%、31%和28%。在重載條件下,表面滲氮對(duì)GCr15減磨效果變?nèi)?在2.88 GPa下磨損60 min左右,化合物層被磨掉,且隨著接觸應(yīng)力進(jìn)一步增大后,在3.17 GPa下,滲氮試樣的磨損率比未滲氮試樣高8%,滲層失去減磨作用。4)對(duì)M2來說,在重載條件下摩擦雖然會(huì)產(chǎn)生大量的熱,但氧化磨損并不嚴(yán)重。經(jīng)二次回火后試樣的摩擦系數(shù)與磨損率均比經(jīng)一次回火的更小,相比于一次回火試樣,二次回火試樣的表面擦傷較輕。5)在已有的磨損率計(jì)算公式中,引入H/E表征材料的屬性,來估算磨損率,并在隨后的實(shí)驗(yàn)中,使用高速鋼磨損率來討論公式的誤差,發(fā)現(xiàn)其結(jié)果誤差較大,說明還有其他因素影響材料的磨損率。
[Abstract]:Facing the rapid development of science and technology, materials will bear more and more extreme working conditions, especially bearing materials will face extreme load. Its friction and wear may be different from the traditional low-load working conditions, resulting in poor wear resistance performance. Therefore, the study of bearing materials under heavy load conditions becomes very important. Important. This experiment selected the most widely used GCr15 bearing steel, mainly studied the influence of quenching temperature and surface nitriding on its wear resistance, and selected M2 high-speed steel as the contrast material, discussed the possibility of M2 high-speed steel as heavy-duty bearing steel from the wear resistance point of view, mainly discussed the tempering times on its wear resistance in the study process. The effects of heat treatment on the microstructure and properties of bearing materials were studied by means of optical microscope (OM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The friction properties of bearing materials under low load were measured by rotary friction tester and high temperature and heavy load friction tester. The wear mechanism of GCr15 was studied by means of mechanical properties test and wear morphology observation. The results show that: 1) The morphology of "black and white zone" is often obtained during quenching of GCr15. The microstructure of GCr15 is martensite + carbide + retained austenite after quenching. With the increase of quenching temperature, the morphology of martensite gradually changes from crypto-acicular to coarse. Needle-like, the hardness of quenching at 860 C is HRC 62.1, and the elastic modulus is 206.421 GPa.GCr15. After nitriding, three zones are formed: oxide film, nitriding layer and diffusion layer. The nitriding layer consists of gamma-Fe4N and epsilon-Fe2-3N phases. The thickness of nitriding layer can reach 100 micron. The hardness increases gradually from inside to the surface, and the surface hardness increases after nitriding. The microstructure is martensite + alloy carbide + retained austenite, carbide is mainly MC, M7C3, M3C2 carbide, secondary hardening occurs during high temperature tempering, and more fine carbides are obtained after secondary tempering. Rockwell hardness and elastic modulus are 63.1 and 244.526 GPa, respectively, higher than that of the first tempering sample. The friction coefficient decreases first and then increases with the increase of quenching temperature from 840 to 900. The friction coefficient and wear rate of samples quenched at 860 are the smallest. Under the same heat treatment condition, the friction coefficient of GCr15 increases with contact stress. The wear rate is related to hardness and modulus of elasticity, but it does not show a simple linear relationship. Under low load conditions, GCr15 mainly occurs abrasive wear, and under heavy load conditions, GCr15 mainly occurs serious adhesion wear. 3) Surface nitriding. The influence of Nitriding on the wear resistance of GCr15 is complex. When the load is low, the friction coefficient and wear rate of GCr15 surface can be reduced, mainly slight abrasion and a few peeling phenomena occur. Under the contact stress of 0.75 GPa, 0.94 GPa and 1.08 GPa, the wear rate of nitriding sample is reduced by 46%, 31% and 28% respectively compared with that of non-nitriding sample. The wear reduction effect of surface nitriding on GCr15 is weakened, and the compound layer is abraded about 60 minutes at 2.88 GPa. With the further increase of contact stress, the wear rate of nitriding sample is 8% higher than that of non-nitriding sample at 3.17 GPa, and the nitriding layer loses the abrasion reduction effect. 4) For M2, friction under heavy load will produce a lot of heat, but oxidation. The friction coefficient and wear rate of the sample after secondary tempering are smaller than those after primary tempering, and the surface abrasion of the sample after secondary tempering is lighter than that of the sample after primary tempering. The error of the formula is discussed by wear rate, and it is found that the error of the result is large, indicating that there are other factors affecting the wear rate of the material.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：西南石油大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：TG142.4;TG161

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