本文關(guān)鍵詞： 超精密飛切機(jī)床 動(dòng)力學(xué)特性 外部氣動(dòng)力 軸承剛度　出處：《哈爾濱工業(yè)大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：在慣性激光核聚變裝置中,用于倍頻轉(zhuǎn)換的KH2PO4(Potassium dihydrogen phosphate,KDP)晶體加工表面質(zhì)量要求極高,這對用于晶體加工的超精密機(jī)床性能提出了很高的要求。在超精密飛刀切削機(jī)床加工過程中,機(jī)床的動(dòng)態(tài)特性將會直接影響工件的三維表面形貌。傳統(tǒng)研究認(rèn)為,機(jī)床的振動(dòng)對加工表面的影響主要為切削力激振下主軸刀尖的振動(dòng)。然而,由于飛刀切削是斷續(xù)切削,并且主軸的轉(zhuǎn)速很高,刀架離工件距離較小,在加工過程中,外部空氣將會對主軸刀架下表面和工件上表面產(chǎn)生法向氣動(dòng)力,從而直接導(dǎo)致機(jī)床的振動(dòng),對加工表面形貌產(chǎn)生重要影響。本文主要針對這一問題展開研究,對進(jìn)一步深入揭示飛刀切削加工表面的形成機(jī)理具有一定的理論意義。首先,針對立式超精密飛切機(jī)床,建立了機(jī)床外部空氣流體場分析模型,基于計(jì)算流體力學(xué)和有限體積法,分析了刀架和溜板氣動(dòng)力。并研究了不同主軸轉(zhuǎn)速和橫向進(jìn)給方向上不同加工位置的刀架和溜板氣動(dòng)力,分析了主軸轉(zhuǎn)速和加工位置對氣動(dòng)力的影響。其次,建立了立式超精密飛切機(jī)床軸承氣膜有限元模型,分析了氣浮主軸的靜態(tài)特性。基于彈簧等效法,采用軸承剛度的計(jì)算結(jié)果,建立了機(jī)床整體的動(dòng)力學(xué)模型。并通過機(jī)床主軸的模態(tài)實(shí)驗(yàn),驗(yàn)證了機(jī)床動(dòng)力學(xué)模型的正確性。在此基礎(chǔ)上,分析了切削力和氣動(dòng)力激振下的主軸刀尖的振動(dòng),并與切削力和氣動(dòng)力單獨(dú)作用下的刀尖振動(dòng)進(jìn)行比較,探討了氣動(dòng)力對主軸振動(dòng)的影響。在加工路徑對應(yīng)的溜板模型切削位置加載切削力,仿真計(jì)算了加工過程中工件上切削點(diǎn)的瞬時(shí)振動(dòng)。再次,設(shè)計(jì)并搭建了氣動(dòng)力驗(yàn)證平臺,測量了不同主軸轉(zhuǎn)速下的工件氣動(dòng)力,分析了主軸轉(zhuǎn)速對氣動(dòng)力的影響。測量了刀架與工件在不同距離下的工件氣動(dòng)力,分析了刀架與工件距離對氣動(dòng)力的影響。并將仿真計(jì)算和實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果進(jìn)行比較,驗(yàn)證了仿真模型的正確性。最后,基于立式超精密機(jī)床的動(dòng)態(tài)特性研究方法,分析了臥式超精密機(jī)床的外部氣動(dòng)力和主軸軸承剛度。在此基礎(chǔ)上,建立了主軸系統(tǒng)的動(dòng)力學(xué)模型,研究了切削力和氣動(dòng)力激振下的刀尖振動(dòng),并分析了氣動(dòng)力對臥式飛切機(jī)床主軸的振動(dòng)影響。
[Abstract]:KH2PO4(Potassium dihydrogen phosphate for frequency doubling in inertial laser fusion devices. The surface quality of KDPcrystal machining is very high, which puts forward a very high requirement for the performance of ultra-precision machine tools used in crystal machining. The dynamic characteristics of the machine tool will directly affect the three-dimensional surface morphology of the workpiece. The traditional research holds that the vibration of the machine tool is mainly the vibration of the spindle tool tip under the excitation of cutting force. Because the flying knife cutting is intermittent, and the spindle speed is very high, the tool holder distance from the workpiece is small, in the process of processing, the external air will produce normal aerodynamic force on the lower surface of the spindle tool holder and the upper surface of the workpiece. Thus, the vibration of machine tools is directly caused, which has an important impact on the surface morphology of machining. This paper mainly focuses on this problem. It has a certain theoretical significance to further reveal the formation mechanism of the cutting surface of the flying knife. Firstly, an analysis model of the air fluid field outside the machine tool is established for the vertical ultra-precision flying cutting machine. Based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and finite volume method, the aerodynamic forces of tool holder and slide plate are analyzed, and the aerodynamic forces of tool holder and slide plate in different spindle speed and transverse feed direction are studied. The influence of spindle speed and machining position on aerodynamic force is analyzed. Secondly, the finite element model of bearing film of vertical ultra-precision flying cutting machine tool is established, and the static characteristics of air-floating spindle are analyzed based on spring equivalent method. Based on the calculation results of bearing stiffness, the dynamic model of the machine tool is established, and the correctness of the dynamic model is verified by the modal experiment of the spindle of the machine tool. The vibration of the spindle tool tip under the cutting force and aerodynamic excitation is analyzed and compared with that under the cutting force and aerodynamic force acting alone. The effect of aerodynamic force on the vibration of spindle is discussed. The cutting force is loaded at the cutting position of the cutting plate model corresponding to the machining path, and the instantaneous vibration of the cutting point on the workpiece during the machining process is simulated and calculated. An aerodynamic verification platform is designed and built to measure the aerodynamic force of the workpiece under different spindle speeds and analyze the influence of the spindle speed on the aerodynamic force. The aerodynamic forces of the workpiece at different distances between the tool holder and the workpiece are measured. The influence of the distance between the tool holder and the workpiece on the aerodynamic force is analyzed, and the simulation results are compared with the experimental results to verify the correctness of the simulation model. Finally, the research method based on the dynamic characteristics of the vertical ultra-precision machine tool is presented. The external aerodynamic force and spindle bearing stiffness of the horizontal ultra-precision machine tool are analyzed. On the basis of this, the dynamic model of the spindle system is established, and the cutting force and aerodynamic vibration of the blade tip are studied. The effect of aerodynamic force on the vibration of horizontal flying cutting machine spindle is analyzed.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：哈爾濱工業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：TG501

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