【摘要】：隨著經(jīng)濟高速發(fā)展,城市化進(jìn)程不可避免。建筑物的高度密集化使城市幾何形狀和表面特性發(fā)生大面積變化,進(jìn)而使城市熱環(huán)境狀況變得更加復(fù)雜,局部地區(qū)出現(xiàn)熱島效應(yīng)加劇現(xiàn)象。城市建筑物布局和高度對城市熱島效應(yīng)和氣溫變化的影響不容忽視且日益顯著。因此,深入研究建筑物空間形態(tài)對城市熱環(huán)境變化的影響具有重大意義和科學(xué)價值。本文以澳大利亞Adelaide中心城區(qū)作為研究區(qū),基于lm空間分辨率3D建筑物數(shù)據(jù)計算天空開闊度(Sky View Factor, SVF)、建筑物迎風(fēng)面積指數(shù)(Frontal Area Index, FAI)等多種城市空間形態(tài)學(xué)參數(shù)。在此基礎(chǔ)上,結(jié)合遙感技術(shù)和實測反照率數(shù)據(jù)估算城市街道吸收太陽入射輻射量,并采用19個站點的2010年10月-2011年10月實測氣溫數(shù)據(jù)分析Adelaide城市熱島強度(Urban Heat Island Intensity, UHⅡ)變化,最后系統(tǒng)地深入分析不同季節(jié)、不同時間段城市空間形態(tài)學(xué)參數(shù)、地表吸收太陽入射輻射等因子對熱島效應(yīng)和氣溫的定量影響。論文主要研究結(jié)論包括：(1)晴天天氣下,Adelaide城市熱島強度在四季都呈夜間強,白天弱的規(guī)律。在夜間,春、秋季最大,冬季次之,夏季最小。UHⅡ在四季的白天都不明顯,夏季最大,最小為春季,甚至出現(xiàn)“冷島”現(xiàn)象。(2) 以魚眼相機獲取的天空開闊度SVFfish-eye作為驗證數(shù)據(jù),選取200m作為最優(yōu)搜索半徑,基于3D建筑物數(shù)據(jù)計算SVFs與SVFfish-eye之間的相關(guān)系數(shù)為0.97,RMSE為0.13,這表明SVFs估測精度高。利用3D建筑物數(shù)據(jù)計算出其他多種空間學(xué)形態(tài)參數(shù),包括建筑物高寬比、建筑平面面積比率、建筑物平均高度、街道平均寬度等,相關(guān)分析表明SVF與高寬比、建筑平面面積比率和建筑物平均高度具有顯著相關(guān)性,與街道平均寬度相關(guān)性不顯著。其中,SVF與高寬比的相關(guān)性最大。(3) SVF和UHⅡ在四季的夜間都呈顯著線性負(fù)相關(guān)。中午到午后附近,春季、秋季和冬季呈顯著線性正相關(guān),而在夏季白天時段都不顯著。晴天、陰天和雨天三種天氣狀況下,SVF與UHⅡ的負(fù)相關(guān)性在夜間差別不大。在白天,晴天下正相關(guān)性大于陰天和雨天。(4)晴天天氣狀況下,FAI-UHⅡ在夜間呈顯著對數(shù)關(guān)系,白天呈線性負(fù)相關(guān)。僅春季和冬季的正午時刻附近呈顯著線性負(fù)相關(guān),其他時刻不顯著。以200m作為研究空間尺度,在春季和冬季夜間,FAI-UHⅡ相關(guān)性強于SVF-UHⅡ,在夏季和秋季夜間差別較小。對于白天而言,在秋季,SVF-UHⅡ的相關(guān)性略強于FAI-UHⅡ,其他季節(jié)的影響差異小。此外,不同搜索半徑下SVF與UHⅡ關(guān)系的普適性優(yōu)于FAI參數(shù)。(5)利用3D建筑物數(shù)據(jù)判斷站點在不同時刻是否落在陰影中,模擬到達(dá)街道表面的太陽直射輻射、散射輻射和鄰近建筑物墻面反射輻射量,進(jìn)而利用地表反照率實測數(shù)據(jù)計算出在不同時段城市街道吸收太陽入射輻射量,初步探討其輻射累積量(Total Absorbed Solar Irradiation, TASI)與氣溫之間的相關(guān)性。研究結(jié)果表明：對于某一站點,白天時段的TASIT與對應(yīng)時刻氣溫呈顯著線性正相關(guān)；13個站點的TASIT與對應(yīng)站點氣溫在白天不同時刻的相關(guān)性存在差異,主要原因是在不同時刻地面凈短波輻射對地表凈輻射貢獻(xiàn)不同。兩者在日出時刻附近呈負(fù)相關(guān)。在9：00至16：30時刻,兩者呈線性正相關(guān),相關(guān)系數(shù)大于0.4,僅在13：00至15：30時段內(nèi)顯著。從16：30至日落時刻,兩者的相關(guān)性弱。
[Abstract]:With the rapid development of economy, the urbanization process is inevitable. The high density of buildings makes the city's geometry and surface characteristics vary widely, which makes the urban hot environment more complicated and the local area becomes more complicated. The influence of urban building layout and height on urban heat island effect and temperature change can't be ignored and becoming more and more significant. Therefore, it is of great significance and scientific value to deeply study the influence of building space form on urban heat environment. In this paper, a variety of urban spatial morphological parameters, such as Sky View Factor (SVF), Building Wind Area Index (FAI), and so on, are calculated based on the 3D building data of spatial resolution 3D as the research area. On the basis of this, combined with remote sensing technology and measured albedo data to estimate the amount of solar incident radiation absorbed by the urban street, and using the measured temperature data from October 2010 to October 2011 in the 19 sites to analyze the change of the Urban Flood Intensity (UH II) of Adelaide, Finally, the quantitative effects of factors such as different seasons, urban spatial morphology parameters, surface absorption solar incident radiation, etc. were systematically analyzed. The main conclusions of this thesis include: (1) In sunny weather, the strength of Adtelaide city is strong at night and weak in daytime. In the night, spring, autumn is the largest, winter is second, summer is the smallest. UH II is not obvious during the daytime, the largest in summer, the smallest in spring, and even the 鈥淐old Island鈥，

本文編號：2255377