杭嘉湖大氣氮、磷沉降特征及其對(duì)水環(huán)境的影響
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-09-12 14:06
【摘要】：氮沉降是全球氮循環(huán)中的重要組成部分。大氣氮、磷沉降作為環(huán)境不可忽視的營(yíng)養(yǎng)物補(bǔ)充來(lái)源,是補(bǔ)充生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中氮、磷流失的一項(xiàng)重要途徑,對(duì)植物生長(zhǎng)有一定的促進(jìn)作用,但是過(guò)量的大氣氮、磷沉降到環(huán)境中,對(duì)陸地及水生生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的生產(chǎn)力及穩(wěn)定性會(huì)產(chǎn)生嚴(yán)重影響。自工業(yè)革命以來(lái),化學(xué)氮肥和化石燃料的消耗量急劇增加,導(dǎo)致人為的氮排放量激增,過(guò)度的氮沉降對(duì)環(huán)境的影響日益突出。本研究通過(guò)對(duì)2013年9月-2014年8月杭嘉湖地區(qū)杭州、嘉興和湖州5個(gè)典型站點(diǎn)大氣氮、磷沉降數(shù)據(jù)分析,評(píng)價(jià)了杭嘉湖地區(qū)大氣氮、磷干濕沉降通量,探討了影響大氣沉降的因素、時(shí)空變化規(guī)律,并對(duì)嘉興地區(qū)的大氣沉降進(jìn)行了源解析,估算了大氣氮、磷沉降對(duì)區(qū)域水環(huán)境的影響,為杭嘉湖地區(qū)污染治理提供基礎(chǔ)資料和科學(xué)依據(jù)。(1)杭嘉湖地區(qū)大氣氮、磷沉降通量水平較高,分別為4884.70和65.46kg/(km~2·a),降入地表的氮、磷分別達(dá)64745.96和871.21t/a,占整個(gè)面源氮、磷排放量的56.8和19.8%,大氣沉降氮、磷入河量分別為11547.22和155.46t/a,分別占面源污染源氮、磷入河量的32.0和7.7%。(2)氮沉降以濕沉降形式為主,各地濕沉降占總沉降比例不同(53.10%~70.83%),平均為60.70%。對(duì)嘉興地區(qū)降雨的分析表明,在2013年5月至2014年8月期間,嘉興地區(qū)嘉興站的TN濕沉降通量高達(dá)4545kg/km~2,其中NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N和DON的比例分別為39%、19%和42%,王店南梅站的TN濕沉降通量3417kg/km~2,其中NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N和DON的比例分別為33%、19%和48%,NH_4~+-N和DON沉降是嘉興大氣氮濕沉降的主要部分。嘉興站的降水中TN濃度在夏季變化較為平緩,一般為1.71~3.96mg/L,王店南梅站的降水中TN濃度變化總體上表現(xiàn)出逐月降低的特征,兩站降水中NH_4~+-N和NO_3~--N的濃度變化趨勢(shì)與TN變化趨勢(shì)基本一致。兩站TP濃度均表現(xiàn)出逐月降低的特征。對(duì)杭州和嘉興的濕沉降的分析表明,氮、磷濕沉降通量主要受降雨量影響,且隨降雨量的增加而增加,TN、TP濃度在小雨最高,不同等級(jí)降雨的大氣TN、TP濕沉降通量占年濕沉降量的比例大小依次為大雨、中雨、小雨。大氣磷沉降以干沉降形式為主,干沉降占總沉降比例在59.6~70.6%之間,平均為67.0%。(3)氮、磷沉降存在時(shí)空差異性,對(duì)整個(gè)杭嘉湖地區(qū)而言,大氣氮總沉降通量夏秋兩季較大,大氣磷總沉降通量以秋冬兩季較大;其中大氣氮濕沉降通量按大小依次為夏季春季秋季冬季,大氣磷濕沉降通量按大小依次為秋季夏季春季冬季;大氣氮、磷干沉降以秋冬兩季為主。在空間分布上,嘉興地區(qū)大氣氮、磷沉降通量最高,分別達(dá)5368.4和74.92kg/(km~2·a),湖州次之,分別達(dá)4950.74和67.22kg/(km~2·a),杭州最低,分別達(dá)4334.96和54.26kg/(km~2·a)。其中大氣氮、磷濕沉降通量大小依次為湖州、嘉興、杭州,大氣氮、磷干沉降通量按大小依次為嘉興、湖州、杭州。(4)對(duì)嘉興地區(qū)進(jìn)行的后向軌跡分析表明,大氣降水主要受自然源和人為源的影響,大陸性氣團(tuán)影響的降水中營(yíng)養(yǎng)鹽含量較高,而海洋性氣團(tuán)影響的降水中營(yíng)養(yǎng)鹽含量較低。在大氣氮濕沉降通量最大的夏、秋兩季,影響嘉興的氣團(tuán)主要來(lái)自西南方向和東南方向;在大氣磷濕沉降最大的秋季,影響嘉興的氣團(tuán)主要來(lái)自東南方向。嘉興地區(qū)的大氣氮、磷干沉降在春夏兩季主要受海洋性氣團(tuán)影響,因此這兩季干沉降通量較低,而秋冬兩季較高的干沉降通量可能與來(lái)自其北方的氣團(tuán)攜帶的沙塵和人為源產(chǎn)生的污染物有關(guān)。(5)杭州、嘉興和湖州的營(yíng)養(yǎng)氮沉降臨界負(fù)荷分別為2.03、1.3和1.83keq/(hm2·a),杭嘉湖三地的大氣氮沉降分別超臨界負(fù)荷0.55、2.42、1.68keq/(hm2·a)。杭嘉湖地區(qū)春夏季大氣氮沉降對(duì)氮出境通量的影響要比秋冬季更顯著,湖州的大氣氮沉降對(duì)氮出境通量的影響要比杭州和嘉興更顯著。
[Abstract]:Nitrogen deposition is an important part of the global nitrogen cycle. Atmospheric nitrogen and phosphorus deposition, as a supplementary source of nutrients which can not be neglected by the environment, is an important way to supplement nitrogen and phosphorus loss in the ecosystem. It can promote plant growth to a certain extent. However, excessive atmospheric nitrogen and phosphorus deposition into the environment will affect terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Since the Industrial Revolution, the consumption of chemical nitrogen fertilizers and fossil fuels has increased dramatically, resulting in a sharp increase in anthropogenic nitrogen emissions and an increasing impact of excessive nitrogen deposition on the environment. Based on the analysis of the data of nitrogen and phosphorus deposition, this paper evaluates the dry and wet deposition fluxes of nitrogen and phosphorus in the atmosphere of Hangzhou-Jiahu Lake area, discusses the factors affecting the atmospheric deposition and the law of space-time variation, analyzes the source of atmospheric deposition in Jiaxing area, estimates the influence of atmospheric nitrogen and phosphorus deposition on the regional water environment, and provides basic data for pollution control in Hangzhou-Jiahu Lake area (1) The atmospheric nitrogen and phosphorus deposition fluxes in Hangzhou-Jiahu Lake area are higher, which are 4884.70 and 65.46 kg / (km~2.a), respectively. The nitrogen and phosphorus falling to the surface are 64745.96 and 871.21 t/a, respectively, accounting for 56.8 and 19.8% of the total non-point source nitrogen, 56.8 and 19.8% of the total phosphorus emission, 11547.22 and 155.46 t/a of atmospheric sedimentation nitrogen and 155.46 t/a of phosphorus, respectively, accounting for the non-point source pollution source nitrogen and 32.0% and 7.7% of the river inflow. (2) Nitrogen deposition is mainly in the form of wet deposition, and the wet deposition accounts for 60.70% of the total settlement (53.10% ~ 70.83%). The analysis of rainfall in Jiaxing area shows that the wet deposition flux of TN in Jiaxing station is as high as 454545 kg/km~2 from May 2013 to August 2014, in which the ratio of NH_4~ +-N, NO_3~-N and DO N is high. The wet deposition flux of TN at Nanmei station in Wangdian is 3417kg/km~2, in which the ratios of NH_4~+-N, NO_3~-N and DON are 33%, 19% and 48%, respectively. The deposition of NH_4~+-N and DON are the main parts of the wet deposition of atmospheric nitrogen in Jiaxing. The variation of TN concentration in precipitation at Jiaxing station is gentle in summer, generally 1.71~3.96mg/L, and the fall of Nanmei station in Wangdian is 1.71~3.96mg/L. The variation of TN concentration in water shows the characteristics of decreasing month by month. The variation trend of NH_4~+-N and NO_3~-N concentration in precipitation of the two stations is basically consistent with that of TN. The ratio of TN and TP wet deposition flux to annual wet deposition was heavy rain, moderate rain and light rain in turn. Dry deposition was the main form of atmospheric phosphorus deposition, and dry deposition accounted for 59.6-70.6% of the total deposition, with an average of 67.0%. (3) Nitrogen and phosphorus deposition had spatial and temporal differences. For the whole Hangzhou-Jiahu region, the total atmospheric nitrogen deposition flux is larger in summer and autumn, and the total atmospheric phosphorus deposition flux is larger in autumn and winter; the wet atmospheric nitrogen deposition flux is in the order of summer, spring and winter, and the wet atmospheric phosphorus deposition flux is in the order of autumn, summer, spring and winter; the atmospheric nitrogen and dry phosphorus deposition is in the order of autumn and winter. In spatial distribution, atmospheric nitrogen and phosphorus deposition fluxes in Jiaxing area were the highest, reaching 5368.4 and 74.92 kg / (km~2.a), followed by Huzhou, reaching 4950.74 and 67.22 kg / (km~2.a), respectively, and Hangzhou, the lowest, reaching 4334.96 and 54.26 kg / (km~2.a), respectively. (4) The back track analysis of Jiaxing area shows that the atmospheric precipitation is mainly affected by natural and man-made sources. The content of nutrients in the precipitation affected by the continental air mass is higher than that of the precipitation affected by the oceanic air mass. In summer and autumn, the air masses affecting Jiaxing mainly come from the southwest and Southeast directions; in autumn, the air masses affecting Jiaxing mainly come from the Southeast direction. The atmospheric nitrogen and phosphorus dry deposition in Jiaxing area are mainly affected by oceanic air masses in spring and summer, so the dry deposition fluxes are lower in these two seasons, but higher in autumn and winter. (5) The critical loads of nutrient nitrogen deposition in Hangzhou, Jiaxing and Huzhou are 2.03, 1.3 and 1.83 Keq / (hm2 65 The effect of atmospheric nitrogen deposition on nitrogen outbound flux is more significant in season than in autumn and winter. The effect of atmospheric nitrogen deposition on nitrogen outbound flux in Huzhou is more significant than that in Hangzhou and Jiaxing.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：浙江工業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號(hào)】：X51;X143
[Abstract]:Nitrogen deposition is an important part of the global nitrogen cycle. Atmospheric nitrogen and phosphorus deposition, as a supplementary source of nutrients which can not be neglected by the environment, is an important way to supplement nitrogen and phosphorus loss in the ecosystem. It can promote plant growth to a certain extent. However, excessive atmospheric nitrogen and phosphorus deposition into the environment will affect terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Since the Industrial Revolution, the consumption of chemical nitrogen fertilizers and fossil fuels has increased dramatically, resulting in a sharp increase in anthropogenic nitrogen emissions and an increasing impact of excessive nitrogen deposition on the environment. Based on the analysis of the data of nitrogen and phosphorus deposition, this paper evaluates the dry and wet deposition fluxes of nitrogen and phosphorus in the atmosphere of Hangzhou-Jiahu Lake area, discusses the factors affecting the atmospheric deposition and the law of space-time variation, analyzes the source of atmospheric deposition in Jiaxing area, estimates the influence of atmospheric nitrogen and phosphorus deposition on the regional water environment, and provides basic data for pollution control in Hangzhou-Jiahu Lake area (1) The atmospheric nitrogen and phosphorus deposition fluxes in Hangzhou-Jiahu Lake area are higher, which are 4884.70 and 65.46 kg / (km~2.a), respectively. The nitrogen and phosphorus falling to the surface are 64745.96 and 871.21 t/a, respectively, accounting for 56.8 and 19.8% of the total non-point source nitrogen, 56.8 and 19.8% of the total phosphorus emission, 11547.22 and 155.46 t/a of atmospheric sedimentation nitrogen and 155.46 t/a of phosphorus, respectively, accounting for the non-point source pollution source nitrogen and 32.0% and 7.7% of the river inflow. (2) Nitrogen deposition is mainly in the form of wet deposition, and the wet deposition accounts for 60.70% of the total settlement (53.10% ~ 70.83%). The analysis of rainfall in Jiaxing area shows that the wet deposition flux of TN in Jiaxing station is as high as 454545 kg/km~2 from May 2013 to August 2014, in which the ratio of NH_4~ +-N, NO_3~-N and DO N is high. The wet deposition flux of TN at Nanmei station in Wangdian is 3417kg/km~2, in which the ratios of NH_4~+-N, NO_3~-N and DON are 33%, 19% and 48%, respectively. The deposition of NH_4~+-N and DON are the main parts of the wet deposition of atmospheric nitrogen in Jiaxing. The variation of TN concentration in precipitation at Jiaxing station is gentle in summer, generally 1.71~3.96mg/L, and the fall of Nanmei station in Wangdian is 1.71~3.96mg/L. The variation of TN concentration in water shows the characteristics of decreasing month by month. The variation trend of NH_4~+-N and NO_3~-N concentration in precipitation of the two stations is basically consistent with that of TN. The ratio of TN and TP wet deposition flux to annual wet deposition was heavy rain, moderate rain and light rain in turn. Dry deposition was the main form of atmospheric phosphorus deposition, and dry deposition accounted for 59.6-70.6% of the total deposition, with an average of 67.0%. (3) Nitrogen and phosphorus deposition had spatial and temporal differences. For the whole Hangzhou-Jiahu region, the total atmospheric nitrogen deposition flux is larger in summer and autumn, and the total atmospheric phosphorus deposition flux is larger in autumn and winter; the wet atmospheric nitrogen deposition flux is in the order of summer, spring and winter, and the wet atmospheric phosphorus deposition flux is in the order of autumn, summer, spring and winter; the atmospheric nitrogen and dry phosphorus deposition is in the order of autumn and winter. In spatial distribution, atmospheric nitrogen and phosphorus deposition fluxes in Jiaxing area were the highest, reaching 5368.4 and 74.92 kg / (km~2.a), followed by Huzhou, reaching 4950.74 and 67.22 kg / (km~2.a), respectively, and Hangzhou, the lowest, reaching 4334.96 and 54.26 kg / (km~2.a), respectively. (4) The back track analysis of Jiaxing area shows that the atmospheric precipitation is mainly affected by natural and man-made sources. The content of nutrients in the precipitation affected by the continental air mass is higher than that of the precipitation affected by the oceanic air mass. In summer and autumn, the air masses affecting Jiaxing mainly come from the southwest and Southeast directions; in autumn, the air masses affecting Jiaxing mainly come from the Southeast direction. The atmospheric nitrogen and phosphorus dry deposition in Jiaxing area are mainly affected by oceanic air masses in spring and summer, so the dry deposition fluxes are lower in these two seasons, but higher in autumn and winter. (5) The critical loads of nutrient nitrogen deposition in Hangzhou, Jiaxing and Huzhou are 2.03, 1.3 and 1.83 Keq / (hm2 65 The effect of atmospheric nitrogen deposition on nitrogen outbound flux is more significant in season than in autumn and winter. The effect of atmospheric nitrogen deposition on nitrogen outbound flux in Huzhou is more significant than that in Hangzhou and Jiaxing.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：浙江工業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號(hào)】：X51;X143
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