新型萃取技術(shù)在痕量重金屬元素分析中的應(yīng)用研究
發(fā)布時(shí)間:2018-07-28 12:41
【摘要】:現(xiàn)如今,環(huán)境污染隨著生產(chǎn)技術(shù)與工業(yè)的發(fā)展與日俱增。其中的重金屬污染不容忽視,如廢水中所含的重金屬Pb,Cr,Cd等。廢水經(jīng)過(guò)處理后仍然可能存在重金屬,這將導(dǎo)致土壤的污染,并且水中的重金屬會(huì)隨著食物鏈進(jìn)入人體內(nèi),從而不斷地在人體內(nèi)一些重要的器官中累積,如腎臟,肝臟及骨頭,最終造成健康系統(tǒng)紊亂。鉛與鉻因其所具有的毒性而備受關(guān)注,它們均可由人的消化道與呼吸系統(tǒng)及皮膚等滲入體內(nèi),被人體吸收。當(dāng)皮膚接觸到Cr(Ⅵ)時(shí),可能造成皮膚過(guò)敏,甚至導(dǎo)致遺傳性基因缺陷;如被吸入可能會(huì)致癌。Pb則嚴(yán)重危害人類的神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)與消化系統(tǒng),并且鉛中毒是具有長(zhǎng)期性的。所以,加強(qiáng)預(yù)防環(huán)境污染,防止污染蔓延顯得尤為重要。這就需要對(duì)水樣進(jìn)行分析檢測(cè),然而通常實(shí)際水樣中重金屬元素濃度多為ppb或ppt級(jí),如直接使用石墨爐原子吸收光譜儀進(jìn)行檢測(cè)可能存在一定的困難,并且在實(shí)際樣品中多含基體干擾。因此,就有必要建立簡(jiǎn)便、靈敏的檢測(cè)環(huán)境水樣中重金屬含量的前處理方法。近年來(lái),分散液液微萃取與分散微固相萃取作為環(huán)境友好型的前處理方法被廣泛使用。它們具有耗費(fèi)低,操作簡(jiǎn)便,污染小等優(yōu)點(diǎn)。電膜萃取是一種在傳統(tǒng)中空纖維膜萃取基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行加電的萃取技術(shù),它具有加快分析物轉(zhuǎn)移速率,縮短萃取平衡時(shí)間的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。表面活性劑取代有毒的有機(jī)溶劑作為萃取劑大大降低了污染,并且它還可用作分散微固相的穩(wěn)定劑。納米顆粒(TiO2)具有較大的表面積與不飽和性,因此,化學(xué)活性也頗高,可吸附一些金屬離子,并且吸附量較大,達(dá)到吸附平衡所需時(shí)間較短。本文主要開(kāi)展了三種快速、簡(jiǎn)便的新型樣品前處理技術(shù)在分離與富集重金屬元素方面的應(yīng)用研究,與石墨爐原子吸收光譜儀聯(lián)用,進(jìn)行環(huán)境水樣中重金屬(鉻、鉛)含量的分析檢測(cè)。主要研究?jī)?nèi)容概括如下:1、電膜萃取技術(shù)與GFAAS聯(lián)用,建立了水樣中痕量Cr(Ⅲ)的檢測(cè)方法。實(shí)驗(yàn)中優(yōu)化了有機(jī)溶劑的類型,溶液的pH,絡(luò)合劑的類型及萃取時(shí)間等一些影響萃取效率的條件參數(shù),并應(yīng)用于環(huán)境水樣中痕量Cr(Ⅲ)的分析,實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果較為滿意。2、以非離子表面活性劑為萃取劑,采用濁點(diǎn)-分散液液微萃取技術(shù)與GFAAS聯(lián)用測(cè)定了水樣中痕量鉻并進(jìn)行鉻的價(jià)態(tài)分析。實(shí)驗(yàn)中優(yōu)化了溶液的pH,絡(luò)合劑PMBP的濃度,表面活性劑的種類及其濃度等一些影響萃取效果的因素,并應(yīng)用于環(huán)境水樣中痕量鉻的分析,實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果較為滿意。3、以納米Ti02為吸附材料,采用表面活性劑輔助的分散微固相萃取技術(shù),與GFAAS聯(lián)用測(cè)定了水樣中痕量鉛。實(shí)驗(yàn)中優(yōu)化了溶液的pH,表面活性劑的類型與濃度及吸附劑的質(zhì)量等一些影響萃取效果的因素,并應(yīng)用于環(huán)境水樣中痕量鉛的測(cè)定,實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果較為滿意。
[Abstract]:Nowadays, environmental pollution is increasing with the development of production technology and industry. The pollution of heavy metals can not be ignored, such as the heavy metal Pb, Cr, CD in waste water. There may still be heavy metals in the waste water after treatment, which will lead to soil pollution, and heavy metals in water will enter the human body along the food chain and accumulate in important organs of the human body, such as kidneys, liver and bones. Eventually, the health system is disrupted. Lead and chromium have attracted much attention because of their toxicity. They can be absorbed by human digestive tract, respiratory system and skin. When the skin comes into contact with Cr (鈪,
本文編號(hào):2150175
[Abstract]:Nowadays, environmental pollution is increasing with the development of production technology and industry. The pollution of heavy metals can not be ignored, such as the heavy metal Pb, Cr, CD in waste water. There may still be heavy metals in the waste water after treatment, which will lead to soil pollution, and heavy metals in water will enter the human body along the food chain and accumulate in important organs of the human body, such as kidneys, liver and bones. Eventually, the health system is disrupted. Lead and chromium have attracted much attention because of their toxicity. They can be absorbed by human digestive tract, respiratory system and skin. When the skin comes into contact with Cr (鈪,
本文編號(hào):2150175
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