本文選題：普通病房 + 空氣污染��； 參考：《重慶大學(xué)》2015年碩士論文

【摘要】：室內(nèi)空氣品質(zhì)問題越來越受關(guān)注,空氣微生物是造成室內(nèi)空氣污染的主要原因之一。微生物在空氣中以氣溶膠的形式存在,隨著呼吸氣流進入人體。不同粒徑的氣溶膠會進入不同的人體組織造成傷害,致病空氣微生物種屬還會產(chǎn)生或攜帶對人體有害的毒素引起疾病。醫(yī)院住院大樓人員密度和流量大,容易造成空氣微生物聚集,普通病房中病人身體虛弱抵抗力較差,易被致病性空氣微生物侵襲,導(dǎo)致各種病癥和醫(yī)源性感染。本文依托于國家自然科學(xué)基金項目《醫(yī)療建筑熱濕環(huán)境對人體健康舒適影響的基礎(chǔ)研究》(No.51278506),對現(xiàn)代醫(yī)院普通空調(diào)病房在實際運行中室內(nèi)空氣微生物污染狀況、氣溶膠分布規(guī)律和粒徑特點以及優(yōu)勢菌種等進行實驗研究,為病房的空調(diào)設(shè)計和運行管理提供基礎(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù)和理論支持。首先,對現(xiàn)有的大量國內(nèi)外對空氣微生物的研究成果進行整理歸納,得到了不同類型的建筑的室內(nèi)外空氣微生物的濃度、氣溶膠以及優(yōu)勢菌種的特點規(guī)律。針對現(xiàn)行的空氣微生物規(guī)范標準或評價方法的不足提出了建議評價方法,引入污染指數(shù)對病房空氣微生物污染進行評價。然后,使用沉降法對醫(yī)院A,撞擊法對醫(yī)院B的普通病房室內(nèi)外空氣微生物進行現(xiàn)場采樣,在實驗室對樣本進行培養(yǎng)計數(shù)和菌種鑒別。發(fā)現(xiàn)夏季病房空氣細菌濃度高于冬季,空氣真菌濃度變化與細菌相反,同季節(jié)空氣細菌濃度高于真菌;醫(yī)院A冬季有著輕微的空氣微生物污染,夏季只有空氣細菌污染;醫(yī)院B冬夏季都有著嚴重的空氣微生物污染。通過數(shù)學(xué)分析,結(jié)合已有研究結(jié)論,認為空氣微生物濃度的共同的影響因素為季節(jié)、溫度和相對濕度,病房內(nèi)人數(shù)會影響空氣細菌濃度。得到冬夏季的空氣微生物氣溶膠粒徑分布特點,冬季空氣細菌氣溶膠粒徑主要分布3μm以上,夏季主要分布1~6μm之間;冬夏季的空氣真菌氣溶膠粒徑分布規(guī)律大致相同,主要分布在3~1μm之間;冬夏季的空氣細菌氣溶膠中值直徑都小于5μm,真菌小于3μm,季節(jié)不同會影響空氣細菌氣溶膠中值直徑,不會影響真菌。通過菌種鑒別發(fā)現(xiàn)革蘭氏陽性球菌為占絕對優(yōu)勢的空氣細菌,空氣真菌的優(yōu)勢菌屬為青霉屬、曲霉屬、交鏈孢霉屬、枝孢菌和木霉屬。
[Abstract]:The problem of indoor air quality has been paid more and more attention. Air microorganism is one of the main causes of indoor air pollution. Microorganisms exist in the air as aerosols and enter the body with breathing air. Aerosols with different particle sizes will cause damage to different human tissues, and pathogenic airborne microorganisms will also produce or carry harmful toxins to cause diseases. The density and flow of staff in hospital buildings are large, which is easy to cause the accumulation of microorganism in air, and the patients in general ward are weak and resistant, and easily invaded by pathogenic air microbes, resulting in various diseases and iatrogenic infections. Based on the National Natural Science Foundation project "basic Research on the influence of Thermal and humid Environment of Medical buildings on Human Health and comfort" (No. 51278506), this paper deals with the situation of indoor air microbial pollution in the practical operation of general air-conditioned wards in modern hospitals. In order to provide basic data and theoretical support for the air conditioning design and operation management of the ward, the aerosol distribution law, particle size characteristics and dominant bacteria species were studied experimentally. Firstly, a large number of domestic and international research results on air microbes are summarized, and the characteristics of indoor and outdoor microbes, aerosols and dominant bacteria in different types of buildings are obtained. In view of the deficiency of the current standard or evaluation method of air microorganism, this paper puts forward a suggested evaluation method, and introduces the pollution index to evaluate the air microbial pollution in the ward. Then, the Aand impact method was used to sample the indoor and outdoor microbes in the general ward of hospital B, and the samples were cultured and counted and the bacteria were identified in the laboratory. It was found that the concentration of air bacteria in summer ward was higher than that in winter, the change of air fungal concentration was opposite to that of bacteria, and the concentration of air bacteria was higher than that of fungi in the same season, hospital A had slight air microbial pollution in winter and only air bacterial pollution in summer. Hospital B has serious air microbial pollution in winter and summer. Through mathematical analysis and combined with the existing research conclusions, it is considered that the common influencing factors of air microbial concentration are season, temperature and relative humidity, and the number of people in the ward will affect the concentration of air bacteria. The characteristics of microorganism aerosol size distribution in winter and summer were obtained. The size distribution of bacterial aerosol in winter was more than 3 渭 m, and that in summer was between 1 渭 m and 6 渭 m, and the distribution law of air fungal aerosol in winter and summer was approximately the same. The median diameter of bacterial aerosol in winter and summer was less than 5 渭 m and that of fungi was less than 3 渭 m. It was found that Gram-positive coccus was the dominant bacteria in the air, and the dominant bacteria in air fungi were Penicillium, Aspergillus, Alternaria, Cladosporium and Trichoderma.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：重慶大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：TU834.8;X51

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