本文選題：洞庭湖 + 重金屬污染��； 參考：《湖南大學(xué)》2015年碩士論文

【摘要】：洞庭湖是中國第二大淡水湖和國際重要濕地,是很多野生動植物的理想生境,具有重要的生態(tài)功能。由于洞庭湖受到人為影響,特別是造紙廠、電鍍廠、化工廠等工業(yè)廢水的排放,使得洞庭湖存在嚴(yán)重的重金屬污染。重金屬具有毒性、持久性、來源廣泛性和不可生物降解性,它們在生態(tài)系統(tǒng)和食物鏈中的積累會對動植物和人類健康產(chǎn)生很大影響。因此,開展洞庭湖重金屬污染潛在生態(tài)風(fēng)險評價及來源解析,有助于明確重金屬污染程度,開展重金屬污染綜合防治。另外,開展重金屬對越冬水鳥暴露研究,對洞庭湖重金屬風(fēng)險管理和鳥類保護(hù)具有一定指導(dǎo)意義。首先,本研究于2011~2013年枯水期在洞庭湖10個采樣點(diǎn)采集表層底泥,研究重金屬分布的變化趨勢、風(fēng)險和來源。Cr、Cu、Pb、Cd、Hg、As三年的平均濃度分別為91.33、36.27、54.82、4.39、0.19、25.67 mg/kg,均高于相應(yīng)的背景值。運(yùn)用底泥質(zhì)量基準(zhǔn)(SQGs)、地累積指數(shù)(Igeo)和潛在生態(tài)風(fēng)險指數(shù)(RI)評價重金屬的污染程度,Cd、Hg、As的風(fēng)險很高,Cr有明顯的增加趨勢。將污染負(fù)荷指數(shù)(PLI)與地理信息系統(tǒng)(GIS)相結(jié)合評價重金屬污染的時空變化,結(jié)果顯示來自湘江的污染貢獻(xiàn)越來越大。運(yùn)用多元統(tǒng)計(jì)分析方法確定重金屬的來源,研究表明人為源主要來自采礦、冶煉、化工和農(nóng)業(yè)活動。其次,本文整合了一個暴露模型用來評價重金屬對越冬水鳥(白琵鷺、黑腹濱鷸、小白額雁)的暴露風(fēng)險。在洞庭湖9個水鳥棲息地采集水樣、植物、土壤和魚樣檢測Cr、Cu、Pb、Cd、Hg、As重金屬的濃度,數(shù)據(jù)顯示通過飲水暴露途徑的重金屬攝入劑量很小,可以忽略不計(jì)。有一個敏感區(qū)位于湘江入湖處,Cd和As暴露劑量均超過了最保守的日耐受劑量。總的來說,黑腹濱鷸比白琵鷺有著更高的風(fēng)險,Hg、Pb、Cr可能對肉食性水鳥產(chǎn)生不利影響,Cu和Cd相對較為安全。重金屬對小白額雁基本沒有風(fēng)險。再次,本文以越冬水鳥棲息地相對聚集的東洞庭湖為例,進(jìn)一步完善了重金屬對鳥類的暴露風(fēng)險評價模型,并提出了一種劃分優(yōu)先控制污染物和優(yōu)先控制污染區(qū)域的方法。研究于東洞庭湖10個主要雁鴨類棲息地采集苔草和土壤樣品,分析了Cr、Cu、Pb、Cd4種重金屬。結(jié)果顯示Cr和Pb對雁鴨類水鳥可能產(chǎn)生不利影響,而Cu和Pb較為安全。Cr風(fēng)險最高,被確定為優(yōu)先控制污染物;Pb存在低風(fēng)險�；诘亟y(tǒng)計(jì)方法的空間插值圖顯示,春風(fēng)湖有著較高的綜合風(fēng)險和較多的鳥類,應(yīng)該引起關(guān)注。另外,危害商(HI)較高的區(qū)域被劃分為優(yōu)先控制區(qū)域,用于風(fēng)險管理和水鳥保護(hù)。最后,結(jié)合本文研究結(jié)果,有針對性地提出了洞庭湖重金屬污染綜合防治和生態(tài)環(huán)境保護(hù)對策。
[Abstract]:Dongting Lake is the second largest freshwater lake in China and an important wetland in the world. It is an ideal habitat for many wild animals and plants and has important ecological functions. Due to the man-made influence on Dongting Lake, especially the discharge of industrial wastewater from paper mills, electroplating plants and chemical plants, there is serious heavy metal pollution in Dongting Lake. Heavy metals are toxic, persistent, widespread and non-biodegradable, and their accumulation in ecosystems and food chains can have a significant impact on plant and animal health and human health. Therefore, the evaluation of potential ecological risk of heavy metal pollution in Dongting Lake and the analysis of its source are helpful to clarify the degree of heavy metal pollution and to carry out comprehensive prevention and control of heavy metal pollution. In addition, the study of heavy metal exposure to overwintering waterfowl has certain guiding significance for heavy metal risk management and bird protection in Dongting Lake. Firstly, the surface sediment was collected from 10 sampling sites in Dongting Lake during the dry season from 2011 to 2013, and the variation trend of heavy metal distribution was studied. The average concentrations of the risk and the source of the heavy metal in the three years were 91.33 ~ 36.27 ~ 36.27 ~ 54.82 ~ 4.390.1925.67 mg / kg, respectively, which were higher than the corresponding background values. The application of sediment quality standard (SQGs), ground accumulation index (Igeo) and potential ecological risk index (RI) to evaluate the pollution degree of heavy metals, and the high risk of heavy metal pollution, has an obvious increasing trend. The pollution load index (PLI) and geographic information system (GIS) were combined to evaluate the temporal and spatial changes of heavy metal pollution. The results showed that the pollution from Xiangjiang River contributed more and more to the pollution. The sources of heavy metals were determined by multivariate statistical analysis. The results showed that the main sources of heavy metals were from mining, smelting, chemical industry and agricultural activities. Secondly, an exposure model was integrated to evaluate the exposure risk of heavy metals to overwintering waterfowl (White spoonbill, black-bellied snipe, small white goose). Water samples, plants, soil and fish samples were collected from 9 aquatic bird habitats in Dongting Lake to detect the concentration of heavy metals in Cr-CuCuPbPbCdCdHgAs. The data showed that the intake dose of heavy metals through drinking water exposure pathway was very small and could be ignored. In one sensitive area, the exposure dose of CD and as in Xiangjiang Lake exceeded the most conservative daily tolerance dose. Generally speaking, the black-bellied snipe had a higher risk than the white spoonbill, and Hgfus Pbcr may have adverse effects on carnivorous waterfowl, Cu and CD were relatively safe. Heavy metals have little risk to wild geese. Thirdly, taking East Dongting Lake, where overwintering waterfowl habitat is relatively concentrated, as an example, the model of risk assessment of heavy metals exposure to birds is further improved, and a method of dividing priority pollution control areas and priority pollution control areas is proposed. Carex spp and soil samples were collected from 10 main geese and ducks habitats in East Dongting Lake, and four heavy metals were analyzed. The results showed that Cr and Pb might have adverse effects on geese and ducks, while Cu and Pb were the safest. The spatial interpolation map based on geostatistical method shows that the spring wind lake has a higher comprehensive risk and more birds, which should be paid more attention to. In addition, high hazard quotient (HI) areas are classified as priority control areas for risk management and waterbird protection. Finally, combined with the results of this study, the countermeasures of comprehensive prevention and control of heavy metal pollution and ecological environment protection in Dongting Lake were put forward.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：湖南大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：X524

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本文編號：2057991