本文選題：降雨徑流污染 + 初始沖刷效應(yīng)��； 參考：《河南大學(xué)》2016年碩士論文

【摘要】：水環(huán)境是城市生態(tài)環(huán)境的重要組成部分,水環(huán)境污染一般分為點(diǎn)源和非點(diǎn)源污染。由于點(diǎn)源污染具有排污明顯、污染強(qiáng)度大等特點(diǎn),相關(guān)研究開(kāi)展早,治理投入大。在點(diǎn)源污染得到控制之后,非點(diǎn)源污染逐漸顯現(xiàn)出來(lái),降雨徑流作為污染物遷移轉(zhuǎn)化的主要驅(qū)動(dòng)力,是城市非點(diǎn)源污染研究的熱點(diǎn)和重點(diǎn)。城市化是中國(guó)社會(huì)、經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的必然趨勢(shì)。暴雨發(fā)生時(shí),沖刷聚集大量污染物的下墊面產(chǎn)生徑流,對(duì)城市生態(tài)環(huán)境造成污染。屋面是城市3種主要下墊面(路面、屋面、草地)之一。為了進(jìn)一步了解我國(guó)城市降雨徑流污染的普遍特征,本文基于室外定位觀測(cè)和室內(nèi)實(shí)驗(yàn)監(jiān)測(cè),對(duì)比不同功能區(qū)的混合沉降以及不同模擬屋面的降雨徑流污染過(guò)程。(1)以北京城區(qū)不同典型功能區(qū)的天然降雨樣品進(jìn)行污染物分析,分析顯示北京城區(qū)天然降雨超標(biāo)嚴(yán)重,屬于劣V類水;TN是城市混合沉降的主要污染物,氮素主要以硝態(tài)氮的沉降為主,而城市邊緣森林生態(tài)系統(tǒng)氮沉降主要以銨態(tài)氮為主。根據(jù)水質(zhì)優(yōu)劣排序規(guī)則,蟒山教學(xué)植物園生態(tài)中心,表明混合沉降在空間上有明顯的差異,與受人類活動(dòng)影響程度正相關(guān)。(2)對(duì)居民區(qū)不同材質(zhì)模擬屋面(油氈、水泥、磚瓦、石瓦、鐵)產(chǎn)生的降雨徑流污染進(jìn)行特征研究表明屋面的材料不同對(duì)降雨徑流水質(zhì)有影響顯著,由于油氈材料粗糙以及一般采用“層疊法”鋪設(shè),油氈屋面降雨徑流水質(zhì)最差,并且TSS變化趨勢(shì)相比其余屋面有一定的滯后性;屋面平均降雨徑流污染與同一研究區(qū)域前人的研究結(jié)果進(jìn)行對(duì)比,說(shuō)明北京市大氣污染的控制與治理初見(jiàn)成效,對(duì)減少降雨徑流污染物含量有促進(jìn)作用;(3)對(duì)北京油氈屋面進(jìn)行間隔時(shí)間為5min的降雨徑流過(guò)程監(jiān)測(cè),將常規(guī)檢測(cè)指標(biāo)與硝酸鹽氮氧穩(wěn)定同位素手段相結(jié)合,對(duì)北京降雨污染的歷時(shí)變化特征、初始沖刷現(xiàn)象、污染物來(lái)源等進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步解析。由于不同粒徑的顆粒物受降雨沖刷運(yùn)移的能力不同,TSS呈鋸齒狀分布。(4)常規(guī)檢測(cè)指標(biāo)中降雨徑流過(guò)程中硝酸鹽氮的質(zhì)量濃度變化沒(méi)有明顯的規(guī)律,但對(duì)硝酸鹽氮氧穩(wěn)定同位素進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn)分析,δ~(15)N-NO_3~-和δ~(18)O-NO_3~-在降雨徑流開(kāi)始初期變化顯著,而通過(guò)長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的降雨沖刷之后,δ~(15)N-NO_3~-和δ~(18)O-NO_3~-的值均穩(wěn)定在一個(gè)較小的波動(dòng)范圍內(nèi),并且δ~(15)N-NO_3~-及δ~(18)O-NO_3~-的變化均符合多元線性回歸方程,證明硝酸鹽氮氧穩(wěn)定同位素對(duì)硝酸鹽污染有更明顯的表征;將硝酸鹽氮氧穩(wěn)定同位素手段運(yùn)用于降雨徑流過(guò)程硝酸鹽污染物的檢測(cè),得出油氈屋面降雨徑流中硝酸鹽氮同位素值的范圍是0.425~24.94‰,氧同位素的范圍值是-3.468‰~13.401‰,均處于化肥、降雨中的NH4+、土壤有機(jī)氮和糞便及生活污水的特征值范圍內(nèi)。對(duì)硝酸鹽來(lái)源解析可知:在暴雨事件的前期以降雨沖刷屋面上的沉積物為硝酸鹽的主要來(lái)源,在中期轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橥寥烙袡C(jī)氮,而在暴雨徑流的后期,硝酸鹽來(lái)源以化肥、降雨中的NH4+為主。
[Abstract]:Water environment is an important part of urban ecological environment. Water environmental pollution is usually divided into point source and non point source pollution. Since point source pollution has the characteristics of obvious pollutant discharge and high pollution intensity, the related research is carried out early and has great management input. After the control of point source pollution, the non-point source pollution gradually appears, rainfall runoff is used as pollutant. The main driving force of migration and transformation is the focus and focus of the research on urban non-point source pollution. Urbanization is the inevitable trend of the Chinese society and economic development. When the rainstorm occurs, it scours the underlying surface of a large number of pollutants to produce runoff and pollute the urban ecological environment. The roof is one of the 3 main underlying surfaces (pavement, roofing, grassland) of the city. In order to further understand the common characteristics of urban rainfall runoff pollution in China, based on outdoor location observation and indoor experimental monitoring, this paper contrasts the mixed settlement of different functional areas and the rainfall runoff pollution process of different simulated roofs. (1) the analysis of pollutants in different typical functional areas of Beijing city is analyzed and analyzed. The natural rainfall in the urban area of Beijing is serious and belongs to the inferior V water; TN is the main pollutant in the urban mixed settlement, nitrogen is mainly the settlement of nitrate nitrogen, while the nitrogen settlement of the urban fringe forest ecosystem is mainly ammonium nitrogen. According to the rules of the quality of the water quality, the ecological center of the boa botanic garden botanical garden shows that the mixed settlement is in space. There are obvious differences in the influence degree of human activities. (2) the characteristics of rainfall runoff pollution caused by different material simulated roofs (linoleum, cement, brick, tile, iron) in residential areas show that the material of roofing has significant influence on the quality of rainfall runoff, because of the rough linoleum material and the general use of "stacking method" "Laying, the water quality of the linoleum roof is the worst, and the change trend of TSS has a certain lag compared with the rest of the roof. The average rainfall runoff pollution of the roof is compared with the previous research results in the same research area, which shows that the control and control of air pollution in Beijing is the first effect, and can promote the reduction of the pollutant content of the rainfall runoff. (3) monitoring the rainfall runoff process of the Beijing linoleum roof with the interval of 5min, the conventional detection indexes are combined with the nitrate oxygen stable isotope method. The characteristics of the diachronic change of the rainfall pollution in Beijing, the initial scour and the source of the pollutants are further analyzed. The particles of different particle sizes are washed by rainfall and scour. The transport capacity is different, TSS is zigzag. (4) there is no obvious change in the mass concentration of nitrate nitrogen in the process of rainfall runoff, but the experimental analysis of nitrate nitrogen and nitrogen isotopes shows that delta ~ (15) N-NO_3~- and delta ~ (18) O-NO_3~- change significantly at the beginning of the beginning of rainfall runoff, and through a long period of rainfall. After the scouring, the values of delta ~ (15) N-NO_3~- and delta ~ (18) O-NO_3~- are stable in a small fluctuation range, and the changes of delta ~ (15) N-NO_3~- and delta ~ (18) O-NO_3~- are all consistent with multiple linear regression equations. It is proved that nitrate nitrogen oxygen stable isotopes have a more obvious characterization of nitrate pollution; the application of nitrate nitrogen and oxygen stable isotopes is used. The range of nitrate nitrogen isotope value in the rainfall runoff of linoleum is 0.425~24.94 per thousand, and the range value of oxygen isotope is -3.468 per 1000 ~13.401 per 1000, and it is in the range of chemical fertilizer, NH4+, soil organic nitrogen and feces and raw sewage. It is known that the sediment on the roof of the roof in the early stage of the rainstorm event is the main source of nitrate, and changes into soil organic nitrogen in the middle period. In the later period of the storm runoff, the source of nitrate is chemical fertilizer, and the NH4+ in the rainfall is the main.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：河南大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號(hào)】：X52

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