本文選題：植物提取 + 重金屬��； 參考：《蘭州大學(xué)》2015年碩士論文

【摘要】：農(nóng)田土壤重金屬污染是一個(gè)世界性的問(wèn)題,并有不斷惡化的趨勢(shì)。農(nóng)田土壤重金屬污染不僅會(huì)使作物受到重金屬毒害而導(dǎo)致產(chǎn)量下降,還可能在作物中富集,對(duì)食用人群健康產(chǎn)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。因此,開展污染農(nóng)田土壤監(jiān)測(cè)與修復(fù)研究迫在眉睫。白銀東大溝農(nóng)業(yè)區(qū)由于長(zhǎng)期污灌的原因,弱堿性農(nóng)田土壤中受到了以Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd為主的重金屬污染。本研究以白銀市四龍鎮(zhèn)梁莊村為研究樣地,選擇單播玉米(Zea mays)為種植方式,研究不同時(shí)期(三葉期(vegetative stage with three leaves, V3)、六葉期(vegetative stage with six leaves, V6)、八葉期(vegetative stage with eight leaves, V8)、十二葉期(vegetative stage with twelve leaves, V12)、抽穗期(tasseling of the vegetative stage, VT)、抽絲期(silking of the reproductive stage, R1)、發(fā)泡期(blistering of the reproductive stage, R2)、乳熟期(doughing of the reproductive stage, R4)和生理成熟期(physiological maturity of the reproductive stage, R6))玉米提取重金屬的動(dòng)態(tài)過(guò)程,并比較玉米、大豆(Glycine max)、豌豆(Pisum sativum)、苜蓿(Medicago sativa)單播及玉米與上述豆科植物混播對(duì)土壤重金屬的移除效果。研究工作主要取得以下結(jié)果：1.單播玉米(monocropping maize, MM)提取和轉(zhuǎn)移重金屬主要依賴蒸騰作用。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在整個(gè)生長(zhǎng)過(guò)程中,老葉中始終含有較高濃度的重金屬,而籽粒中含有的重金屬濃度是最低的,說(shuō)明重金屬進(jìn)入植物體后不易隨有機(jī)營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)的運(yùn)輸而發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)移；而莖和葉這些可以進(jìn)行光合作用并富含氣孔的器官中含有高濃度的重金屬則說(shuō)明了植物提取重金屬的動(dòng)力主要是蒸騰作用。2.玉米R(shí)6期為最佳重金屬提取時(shí)期。MM對(duì)重金屬的提取隨著積溫的積累在營(yíng)養(yǎng)生長(zhǎng)階段的前期緩慢增加,在營(yíng)養(yǎng)生長(zhǎng)后期至生殖生長(zhǎng)前期進(jìn)入一個(gè)對(duì)數(shù)增長(zhǎng)的時(shí)期,而在生殖生長(zhǎng)末期其增長(zhǎng)速率下降甚至停滯,非線性擬合數(shù)據(jù)也表明S型增長(zhǎng)模型最適合模擬玉米對(duì)重金屬的提取。在R6期,玉米具有最大的生物量、相對(duì)較低的重金屬濃度和較高的重金屬提取量,因此本研究選取生理成熟期作為比較不同種植方式下重金屬提取效率及植物生物量利用的時(shí)期。3.單播與混播方式的生物量產(chǎn)出無(wú)顯著差異,而玉米與大豆混播(maize-soybean intercropping, IS)對(duì)土壤重金屬的提取效果要優(yōu)于MM。玉米與大豆、豌豆及苜蓿混播與MM相比,生物量無(wú)顯著差異。而且,IS顯著提高了對(duì)重金屬Cu、Zn的提取量。這說(shuō)明本研究采用的種植模式可以在不影響生物量產(chǎn)出的情況下提高對(duì)土壤重金屬的移除效果。此外,所產(chǎn)出的植物生物量中重金屬濃度均低于飼料中重金屬的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)限值,因此可以將產(chǎn)出生物量作為青儲(chǔ)飼料加以利用。4.植物的根際活動(dòng)會(huì)引起根系土中重金屬的活化,這一現(xiàn)象可將重金屬植物提取的效率維持在較高的水平,且不會(huì)增加深層土壤重金屬的生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。不同處理組中土壤重金屬總量并無(wú)顯著差別,二乙烯三胺五乙酸(diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid, DTPA)可提取態(tài)重金屬含量在大多數(shù)的根系土中都顯著高于非根系土,這一現(xiàn)象說(shuō)明植物根系對(duì)土壤重金屬的活化。土壤重金屬的活化可以使植物對(duì)土壤重金屬的提取效率維持在較為穩(wěn)定的水平,但同時(shí)也會(huì)提高土壤重金屬下滲進(jìn)而影響地下水或地表水的可能。因此,本研究還檢測(cè)了單播大豆(monocropping soybean, MS)根系和非根系區(qū)域的不同深度土壤中重金屬的DTPA態(tài)重金屬含量,結(jié)果表明大豆根際活動(dòng)引起的DTPA可提取態(tài)重金屬含量升高對(duì)深層土壤無(wú)顯著影響,僅引起40-60cm深處根系土中的DTPA可提取態(tài)的Zn和Cd濃度顯著升高。因此,MS對(duì)深層土壤的重金屬影響很小,可推測(cè)出對(duì)Zn和Cd活化程度較低的IS對(duì)深層土壤的重金屬影響較小,可以放心采用�？傊�,在玉米R(shí)6期收獲玉米可以獲得重金屬濃度較低而重金屬提取量較高的生物量；IS可以在不減少生物量產(chǎn)出的前提下,提高對(duì)Zn、Cd的提取量；植物根際對(duì)土壤重金屬的活化作用可在不影響地下水的前提下,使植物對(duì)土壤重金屬的植物提取效率維持在一個(gè)穩(wěn)定的水平。根據(jù)以上研究結(jié)論,本文認(rèn)為采取恰當(dāng)?shù)姆N植方式可保證白銀地區(qū)作物的安全,從而減少對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)叵M(fèi)者(人及家畜)產(chǎn)生的健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
[Abstract]:Heavy metal pollution in farmland soil is a worldwide problem and has a tendency to deteriorate. Heavy metal pollution in farmland soil will not only cause the crops to be poisoned by heavy metals, but also may be enriched in crops and risk the health of edible people. Therefore, it is imminent to carry out the research on soil monitoring and remediation of contaminated farmland. The soil of weak alkali farmland is polluted by Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd in the agricultural area of Baiyin dongdigu agricultural area. This study takes Liang Zhuang village of four Dragon Town, Baiyin as the research sample, and chooses the single seed maize (Zea mays) as the planting mode, and studies the three leaf stage (vegetative stage with three leaves, V3), six Vegetative stage with six leaves (V6), the eight leaf stage (vegetative stage with eight leaves, V8). The dynamic process of heavy metal extraction from maize, doughing of the reproductive stage, R4 and physiological maturity (physiological maturity of the reproductive stage), and a comparison of maize, soybean, pea, alfalfa and maize with the above leguminous plants The main results of the study are as follows: 1. monocropping maize (MM) extraction and transfer of heavy metals mainly depend on transpiration. It is found that in the whole growth process, the heavy metals in the old leaves are always high, and the concentration of heavy metals in the grain is the lowest, indicating the entry of heavy metals. The plant body is not easy to transfer with the transport of organic nutrients, and the stems and leaves, which can carry on Photosynthesis and contain high concentrations of heavy metals in the organs rich in stomata, indicate that the main motive force of the plant extraction of heavy metals is the transpiration of.2. maize R6 period as the extraction of heavy metals by.MM during the optimum extraction period of heavy gold. Accumulation of accumulated temperature slowly increased at the early stage of the vegetative growth stage, and entered a logarithmic growth period from the late vegetative growth stage to the procreation prophase, and the growth rate decreased or even stagnated at the end of reproductive growth. The nonlinear fitting data also indicated that the S model growth model was the most suitable for the extraction of heavy metals from simulated maize. In the R6 period, the corn was used as a model. With the maximum biomass, relatively low heavy metal concentration and high heavy metal extraction, there was no significant difference in biomass yield between.3. mono sowing and mixed sowing of heavy metal extraction efficiency and plant biomass utilization in this study, while maize and soybean mixed sowing (maize-soyb The effect of EAN intercropping, IS) on the extraction of heavy metals in soil is better than that of MM. corn and soybean, and there is no significant difference in biomass between the mixed sowing of pea and alfalfa and MM. Moreover, IS significantly improves the extraction of heavy metal Cu and Zn. This shows that the planting pattern adopted in this study can improve the soil weight without affecting the biomass output. In addition, the heavy metal concentration in the plant biomass is lower than the standard limit of heavy metals in the feed, so the output biomass can be used as a green storage feed to use the rhizosphere activity of the.4. plant to cause the activation of heavy metals in the root soil. This phenomenon can maintain the efficiency of the extraction of heavy metal plants. There was no significant increase in the ecological risk of heavy metals in deep soil. There was no significant difference in the amount of heavy metals in soil. Two ethylene three amine five acetic acid (diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid, DTPA) content of the extractable heavy metals in most of the root soil was significantly higher than that in the non root soil. The activation of heavy metals in soil was activated by roots. The activation of heavy metals in the soil could maintain a stable level of the extraction efficiency of heavy metals in the soil, but it also increased the possibility of infiltration of heavy metals under the soil and the potential of surface water. Therefore, this study also examined the roots of monocropping soybean (MS) and the roots of soybean. The content of heavy metals in DTPA state in different depth soils of non root region showed that the increase of DTPA extractable heavy metal content caused by soybean rhizosphere activity had no significant effect on deep soil. The concentration of Zn and Cd in the extracted state of DTPA in root soil of 40-60cm depth increased significantly. Therefore, MS was used to the heavy metals in deep soil. The influence is very small, it can be deduced that the IS with low activation degree of Zn and Cd has little influence on the heavy metals in deep soil, and can be used safely. In a word, the biomass of heavy metal concentration is lower and the heavy metal extraction is higher in the maize harvest period of Maize. IS can improve the extraction of Zn and Cd without reducing the yield of raw materials. The activation of Plant Rhizosphere on soil heavy metals can maintain a stable level of plant extraction efficiency of heavy metals in the soil without affecting the ground water. According to the above conclusions, this paper holds that appropriate planting methods can ensure the safety of the crops in the silver region, thus reducing the local consumers (people). Health risks associated with livestock.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：蘭州大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號(hào)】：X53;X173

【共引文獻(xiàn)】

相關(guān)期刊論文 前6條

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2 李禮;徐龍君;李斗;;重慶秀山錳礦區(qū)土壤重金屬污染分析與評(píng)價(jià)[J];地球與環(huán)境;2014年05期

3 李韻詩(shī);石潤(rùn);吳曉芙;;湘潭錳礦區(qū)本土先鋒植物耐受與積累錳的特性分析[J];廣西林業(yè)科學(xué);2015年01期

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5 孟德碩;趙南京;馬明俊;谷艷紅;余洋;方麗;王園園;賈堯;劉文清;劉建國(guó);;LIBS結(jié)合ANN對(duì)不同類型土壤中的Cu的定量檢測(cè)[J];光電子·激光;2015年10期

6 張愛民;岳延濱;王永平;韓世玉;邢丹;;辣椒土壤中Cd形態(tài)分布及其生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)價(jià)[J];貴州農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué);2015年10期

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本文編號(hào)：1835697