發(fā)布時間：2018-04-23 03:01

  本文選題：滇池 + 重金屬�。� 參考：《昆明理工大學》2016年碩士論文

【摘要】：重金屬元素在全球范圍內廣泛的分布在水生生態(tài)環(huán)境中,環(huán)境中的重金屬主要有自然來源及人為來源。重金屬,如鉛、鋅、銅、鎘和鉻,是工業(yè)廢水中常見的污染物,重金屬污染已經(jīng)成為一個全球性的環(huán)境污染問題。地球化學結構,采礦活動,金屬冶煉、工業(yè)廢物焚燒廢物和城市污水排放都是水體中重金屬污染物的潛在來源之一。由于重金屬難以被降解,當匯集進入水體后,可沉降到沉積物中,甚至通過同化作用而進入水生動物中。重金屬通過食物鏈中不斷的積累,一旦在水生生物達到安全閾值,人類對水生動物的消費會造成毒性傷害。研究區(qū)域覆蓋整個滇池,研究包括滇池8個點位(部分點位為國控水質監(jiān)測點)的水體、表層沉積物和柱狀沉積物,環(huán)滇池6個點位的野生魚樣。選擇重金屬(Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd和Cr)作為目標污染物質,研究其在滇池的污染特征。研究滇池水體、表層沉積物、柱狀沉積物和3種當?shù)匾吧~類(鯉魚、鯽魚和銀白魚)重金屬元素的污染程度、分布特征、歷史趨勢、生物蓄積性并評估其潛在健康風險。這些結果有助于增加我們對滇池水、沉積物和一些特有野生魚類的重金屬污染的認識,具有明顯的理論意義、社會價值、環(huán)境意義和應用價值。(1)通過對滇池8個點位水體及表層沉積物中重金屬濃度進行分析,闡明了重金屬在滇池水體及表層沉積物中重金屬的濃度水平、分布特征。滇池水體及表層沉積物中普遍檢出這5種重金屬元素(Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd和Cr),且水體中濃度水平遠低于表層沉積物中的濃度水平,表層沉積物中重金屬的濃度普遍高于云南土壤背景值。水體和表層沉積物中重金屬的濃度依次為ZnCrCuPbCd。各點位中,暉灣、寶象和羅家營采樣點水樣中重金屬的濃度與其它5個采樣點(觀音山西、大漁鄉(xiāng)、�？谖�、白魚和滇池南)的差異性就不明娃,但多數(shù)金屬的濃度依然較高。在這些點位發(fā)現(xiàn)較高的重金屬濃度,與其臨近昆明主城區(qū),有大量的生活、工業(yè)污染排放有關。(2)研究了滇池8根柱狀沉積物中重金屬的濃度水平及污染特征,得到了5種重金屬元素在滇池污染的歷史數(shù)據(jù)�？梢杂^察到各柱狀沉積物內重金屬濃度從底層到頂層呈現(xiàn)出先增加后平穩(wěn)變動的趨勢。結果揭示了滇池重金屬的污染歷史,從20世紀70年代末開始,重金屬Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd和Cr的濃度有突然增加的趨勢,此外,這些重金屬的濃度從21世紀初到現(xiàn)在呈下降或者保持不變的趨勢�？偟膩碚f,柱狀沉積物中重金屬濃度變化趨勢反映了滇池重金屬的污染情況,這主要與周邊的主要城區(qū)(如昆明市主城區(qū)、晉寧縣和呈貢區(qū))人口數(shù)量增加、經(jīng)濟發(fā)展情況、城市化進程加快和相關環(huán)保政策實施有密切關系。(3)檢測了滇池3種典型野生魚類(鯉魚、鯽魚、銀自魚)的肌肉、肝臟和鰓中的重金屬含量,闡述重金屬在魚類各組織中的濃度水平,討論其生物富集情況及對暴露人群的潛在健康風險。各魚樣肌肉中重金屬Pb.Zn.Cu.Cd和Cr含量分別為0.10-0.78 mg/kg、21.79-67.87 mg/kg、0.48-1.47 mg/kg、0.03-0.16 mg/kg和0.13-0.94 mg/kg,不超過政府規(guī)定的魚類中重金屬的限值,說明食用這3種魚類相對是安全的�？梢园l(fā)現(xiàn)3種魚類肌肉內重金屬含量有銀白魚鯉魚鯽魚的順序。另外,鯉魚和鯽魚的組織(肌肉、肝臟和鰓)中重金屬含量,其富集能力呈現(xiàn)出肝臟鰓肌肉的規(guī)律。再分析重金屬在3種魚類體內的富集能力,通過計算出魚類吸收重金屬的生物濃縮因子(BCF),其范圍為0.74到36.47,其順序依次為ZnCdPbCuCr。計算3種魚類重金屬的目標危險系數(shù)(THQ)和危險指數(shù)(HI),其值多數(shù)都小于1。表明人類單一的消費其中一種魚類而攝入體內的重金屬元素其對人體的非致癌性健康風險較低,但消費魚類造成的潛在健康風險依然不能被忽視,應該加強滇池湖泊的重金屬污染防治工作。
[Abstract]:Heavy metals are widely distributed in the aquatic environment around the world. Heavy metals in the environment are mainly natural sources and human sources. Heavy metals, such as lead, zinc, copper, cadmium and chromium, are common pollutants in industrial wastewater. Heavy metal pollution has become a full sphere environmental pollution problem. Geochemistry structure, mining activities, Metal smelting, industrial waste incineration waste and urban sewage discharge are one of the potential sources of heavy metal pollutants in the water body. Heavy metals are difficult to be degraded. When they are collected into the water body, they can be deposited into the sediments and even enter into aquatic animals by assimilation. Heavy metals accumulate through the food chain, once in the water. Living organisms reach a safety threshold, human consumption can cause toxic damage to aquatic animals. The research area covers the entire Dianchi, including 8 points in Dianchi (part of the state controlled water monitoring point), surface sediments and columnar sediments, and wild fish at 6 points in Dianchi, selecting heavy metals (Pb, Zn, Cu, Cd and Cr) as an order. The pollution of Dianchi, the pollution of Dianchi water, surface sediments, columnar sediments and 3 kinds of local wild fish (carp, carp, and silver white fish) pollution, distribution characteristics, historical trends, biological accumulation and assessment of potential health risks. These results help to increase our effect on Dianchi. The understanding of heavy metal pollution of water, sediment and some special wild fish has obvious theoretical significance, social value, environmental significance and application value. (1) the concentration level of heavy metals in the water and surface sediments of Dianchi is clarified by analyzing the concentration of heavy metals in the water and surface sediments of 8 points in Dianchi. The 5 heavy metal elements (Pb, Zn, Cu, Cd and Cr) were found in the water body and surface sediments, and the concentration level of the water body was far lower than the concentration level in the surface sediments. The concentration of heavy metals in the surface sediments was generally higher than that of the Yunnan soil background value. The concentration of heavy metals in the water body and the surface sediments was ZnCrCuPbC in turn. The concentration of heavy metals in the surface sediments was ZnCrCuPbC. The concentration of heavy metals in the surface sediments was higher than that of the soil background value in the surface sediments. The concentration of heavy metals in the surface sediments was in turn as ZnCrCuPbC in the surface sediments. In the D. points, the concentration of heavy metals in water samples at Hui Wan, Bao Xiang and Luojia sampling point is different from other 5 sampling points (Guanyin Shanxi, big fishing village, Haikou West, white fish and Dianchi South), but the concentration of most metals is still high. Life, industrial pollution emission is related. (2) the concentration level and pollution characteristics of heavy metals in 8 columnar sediments in Dianchi are studied. The historical data of 5 heavy metal elements in Dianchi are obtained. It is observed that the heavy metal concentration in the columnar sediments is increased from the bottom to the top. The result is revealed. The pollution history of heavy metals in Dianchi, since the end of 1970s, the concentration of heavy metals Pb, Zn, Cu, Cd and Cr has a tendency to increase suddenly. In addition, the concentration of these heavy metals has declined from the beginning of twenty-first Century to the same trend. In general, the trend of heavy metal concentration in the columnar sediments reflects the pollution of heavy metals in Dianchi. The population increased mainly with the surrounding main urban areas (such as the main city of Kunming, Jinning and Chenggong), the economic development, the accelerated urbanization process and the implementation of the related environmental policies. (3) the heavy metal content in the muscles, liver and gills of 3 typical wild fishes (carp, carp, silver and fish) in Dianchi were detected. The concentrations of heavy metals in fish tissues were discussed, and their bioaccumulation and potential health risks to exposed populations were discussed. The contents of heavy metals Pb.Zn.Cu.Cd and Cr in the fish like muscles were 0.10-0.78 mg/kg, 21.79-67.87 mg/kg, 0.48-1.47 mg/kg, 0.03-0.16 mg/kg and 0.13-0.94 mg/kg, which did not exceed the weight of fish in the government. The limit value of the metal indicates that the 3 species of fish are relatively safe to eat. The heavy metal content in the muscles of 3 species of fish can be found in the order of silver carp and carp. In addition, the heavy metal content in the tissues of carp and carp (muscle, liver and Gill), its enrichment ability shows the law of the gill muscles of the liver. Then the heavy metal is analyzed in 3 species of fish. The enrichment capacity of the bioconcentration factor (BCF) of heavy metals absorbed by fish was calculated from 0.74 to 36.47, and the order of the sequence was ZnCdPbCuCr. to calculate the target risk coefficient (THQ) and risk index (HI) of 3 species of heavy metals in fish, and the value was mostly less than 1.. The risk of non carcinogenic health of the human body is low, but the potential health risks caused by consumer fish can not be ignored. The prevention and control of heavy metal pollution in Dianchi lake should be strengthened.

【學位授予單位】：昆明理工大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：X524;X826

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