本文選題：影響因素　切入點：吸附　出處：《吉林農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)》2015年碩士論文

【摘要】：水稻在中國糧食作物之中占有非常重要的地位,全國1/4的耕地面積為水稻耕田,水稻解決了我國大部分人的溫飽問題。因此可以說,水稻生產(chǎn)在我國的糧食安全中的地位是舉足輕重的,重金屬對水田土壤的污染問題就變得尤為重要。被重金屬污染的土壤,土壤性質(zhì)發(fā)生改變,因此會間接的影響到農(nóng)作物的品質(zhì)和質(zhì)量,重金屬不僅僅會污染土壤,還會涉及到各個方面,例如水體環(huán)境以及大氣環(huán)境等等。因此,可以說重金屬污染極為嚴(yán)重。重金屬污染會對生態(tài)環(huán)境產(chǎn)生極大的破壞,嚴(yán)重制約我國的經(jīng)濟,阻礙經(jīng)濟的可持續(xù)發(fā)展。因此,對重金屬污染進行預(yù)防和治理已經(jīng)成為環(huán)境保護工作的重中之重�，F(xiàn)有的淋溶實驗大部分都是在田間取土,采樣回實驗室后進行裝柱淋溶,這種實驗方法會改變土壤的結(jié)構(gòu),從而很難闡明污染物在土壤中遷移的真實情況。同時開展原狀土淋溶的實驗相對較少。重金屬在水田土壤中控制技術(shù)成本較高,目前幾乎沒有實際應(yīng)用,因此開展控制技術(shù)的研究勢在必行。銅、鋅的吸附解吸行為特征研究采用平衡振蕩法。通過添加不同形式的肥料尿素和硫酸銨(含氮量相同)、改變外源重金屬溶液的pH值及改變土壤有機質(zhì)的含量來研究水田土壤對銅、鋅吸附解吸行為的影響;淋溶實驗是通過添加不同形式的肥料尿素和硫酸銨(含氮量相同)、改變淋溶液的pH值、不同的淋溶方式及土壤有機質(zhì)含量來研究水田土壤對銅、鋅的垂向遷移的影響,來研究土壤中銅、鋅的淋溶規(guī)律。控制技術(shù)的初步研究是通過對土壤添加有機肥料和防滲劑,進而對原狀土進行淋溶,從而觀察對銅、鋅兩種重金屬元素淋溶規(guī)律的影響。研究結(jié)果表明:在銅、鋅的吸附動力學(xué)研究中,土壤對銅、鋅兩種重金屬元素的吸附經(jīng)歷了3個階段,即快速吸附階段、減速吸附階段和平衡吸附階段。兩種元素均以8 h為吸附平衡時間。在水田土壤中,供試土壤對銅、鋅的吸附均是自發(fā)、吸熱和熵增加的過程。所以高溫對水田土壤銅、鋅的吸附是有利的。施入含氮量相同但肥料形式不同的尿和硫酸銨,尿素對供試土壤中銅、鋅這兩種重金屬元素的影響大于硫酸銨,尿素和硫酸銨能夠增強供試土壤對銅、鋅的吸附能力。土壤對銅、鋅的吸附量與pH值呈正相關(guān)性。隨pH值的降低,土壤對銅、鋅的吸附量減少,pH的升高促進了土壤對銅、鋅的吸附,吸附能力變強。去除有機質(zhì)后的土壤對銅、鋅的吸附能力減弱,吸附量均減少。有機質(zhì)是影響銅、鋅在土壤中吸附的主要因素。在解吸過程中,銅、鋅的解吸也同樣經(jīng)歷了快速解吸、減速解吸和平衡解吸3個階段。溫度的升高對銅、鋅的解吸行為是有利的,降低溫度會抑制銅、鋅的解吸,降低銅、鋅的遷移活性,減小重金屬對土壤的危害。在土壤中施加尿素和硫酸銨(含氮量相同),尿素對銅、鋅在土壤中的解吸更有利,對重金屬的遷移轉(zhuǎn)化具有更強的促進作用。酸性條件下,銅、鋅的解吸量與pH值呈負相關(guān)性。隨著溶液的pH的不斷增大,銅、鋅兩種重金屬元素的解吸量卻隨之減小。隨著溶液中pH值的變大,降低了銅、鋅的生物活性和化學(xué)活性,從而減弱了銅、鋅的遷移能力,解吸量隨之減少。銅、鋅的解吸量與土壤有機質(zhì)含量呈負相關(guān)性。土壤有機質(zhì)的存在抑制銅、鋅在水田土壤中的解吸。土壤有機質(zhì)的含量明顯影響銅、鋅的解吸。在原狀土淋溶試驗中,土壤浸出液能抑制進銅、鋅等有機污染物的淋溶,土壤浸提液使土壤對銅、鋅的吸附能力增強,銅、鋅淋出量減小。隨淋溶液pH值降低,淋溶量顯著增加,尤其是淋溶液pH值由8.9降至4.2,銅、鋅的淋出量增幅分別達到19.33%和39.25%。因此pH是影響土壤中重金屬活性的重要元素之一。在連續(xù)淋溶過程中,銅、鋅的淋出總量大于間斷淋溶的淋出總量,對銅、鋅的解吸有利。間斷淋溶使土壤對銅、鋅的吸附能力增強。說明連續(xù)降水會加重土壤中重金屬的污染。有機質(zhì)含量是影響銅、鋅淋溶的重要因素。有機質(zhì)對銅、鋅的吸附具有促進作用,抑制了銅、鋅的淋出。土壤中有機質(zhì)含量較高的情況下,銅、鋅不易遷移,有機質(zhì)含量越高,其遷移特性越差。在控制技術(shù)的初步研究中,添加有機質(zhì)且添加的含量越高、對銅、鋅的吸附能力越強、銅、鋅的淋溶性能越小。土壤有機質(zhì)含量、包括土壤顆粒組成也是影響淋溶性能的主要因素。與未添加水田專用防滲劑的土壤相對比,添加防滲劑銅、鋅淋出液總量明顯較小。對土壤添加專用防滲劑,從一定程度上可以改善土壤的保水能力,增強土壤保水性,改善土壤的結(jié)構(gòu),提高水溫、地溫,使水稻的生長環(huán)境得到很好的改善。添加水田專用的防滲劑可以減小銅鋅的淋出總量。因此,在水田土壤中添加防滲劑,對土壤中重金屬污染起到一定的抑制作用。
[Abstract]:Rice occupies a very important position in the China grain crops, the arable area 1/4 for paddy rice farming, solve the problem of food and clothing for most people in our country. Therefore it can be said that the status of rice production in China's food security is important, the problem of heavy metal pollution in paddy soil. It becomes very important to be the heavy metal pollution of soil, soil properties changed, it will indirectly affect the quality and quality of crops, heavy metals will not only pollute the soil, will involve various aspects such as water environment, atmospheric environment and so on. Therefore, we can say the heavy metal pollution was very serious. Heavy metal pollution will cause great damage to the ecological environment, serious restricting China's economy, hinder the sustainable development of economy. Therefore, the heavy metal pollution prevention and control has become the environmental protection work is heavy In the leaching experiment. Most of the existing in field soil sampling, back to the lab after column leaching, this method will change the structure of the soil, thus it is very difficult to clarify the real situation of migration of contaminants in the soil. At the same time to carry out the experiment of undisturbed soil leaching heavy metals is relatively small. The higher the cost of control technology in paddy soil at present, almost no practical application, so the research on the control technology. It is imperative to study the sorption and desorption characteristics of copper, zinc using the batch equilibration method. By adding urea and ammonium sulfate fertilizer (nitrogen content of different forms of the same), change the content of heavy metals and the pH value of the solution and the change of soil organic matter to research on effect of zinc copper in paddy soil, adsorption and desorption; leaching experiment by adding urea and ammonium sulfate fertilizer (nitrogen content of different forms of the same), change the pH value of leaching solution In different ways, leaching and soil organic matter content of copper in paddy soil, zinc vertical migration effect of copper in soil, leaching of zinc. Preliminary research on control technology is based on the soil with organic fertilizer and anti-seepage agent, and leaching of undisturbed soil, and observation on copper. Effect of zinc leaching of two kinds of heavy metals. The results show that: in the adsorption kinetics of copper, zinc, copper and zinc in soil, the adsorption of two heavy metals has experienced 3 stages, namely fast adsorption stage, slow adsorption stage and equilibrium adsorption stage. The two elements are 8 h for adsorption equilibrium time. In paddy soil, soils of copper, zinc adsorption was spontaneous, endothermic and entropy increase process. So the temperature of paddy soil Cu, Zn adsorption was favorable. Application of nitrogen fertilizer in different forms but the same urine and sulfuric acid Ammonium, urea on soil tested in copper, zinc effects of these two heavy metals than ammonium sulfate, urea and ammonium sulfate could enhance the soil adsorption capacity of copper, zinc. The soil of copper, there was a positive correlation between adsorption quantity and pH zinc value. With the decrease of pH value, soil adsorption of copper. The amount of zinc is reduced, the increase of pH promote the soil adsorption of copper, zinc, and strong adsorption ability. After removal of organic matter in soil of copper, zinc decreased adsorption capacity, adsorption capacity decreased. The organic matter is the main factor affecting the copper and zinc adsorption in the soil. In the process of desorption, copper the desorption, zinc also experienced 3 stages of rapid desorption, desorption and desorption equilibrium speed. With the rise of the temperature of copper, zinc desorption behavior is favorable, will reduce the temperature of the inhibition of copper, zinc desorption, copper, zinc migration activity, reduce the harm of soil heavy metal and sulfur in urea. In the soil Ammonium acid (containing the same amount of nitrogen, urea) on copper, more favorable desorption of zinc in soil, the transformation has stronger effect on the migration of heavy metals. Under acidic conditions, copper, zinc and the desorption of pH was negatively correlated. With the increasing of the solution, pH two desorption of copper, zinc one of the heavy metal elements decreases. With the solution pH value becomes large, reduce the biological activity and chemical activity of copper, zinc, thereby weakening the migration ability of copper, zinc, desorption decreases. The desorption of copper, zinc and the content of soil organic matter was negatively correlated. There was inhibition of Cu in soil organic matter, desorption of zinc in paddy soil. The content of soil organic matter significantly affect copper, zinc desorption. In the undisturbed soil leaching test, soil extract can inhibit the copper leaching, zinc and other organic pollutants, soil extracts of the soil of copper, zinc and copper enhanced adsorption capacity the leaching of zinc. The amount of decrease. With the decrease of pH value of leaching solution, leaching amount increased significantly, especially in the leaching solution pH value decreased from 8.9 to 4.2, copper, zinc leaching quantity growth reached 19.33% and 39.25%. so pH is one of the important elements in the soil heavy metal activity. In the continuous leaching process, copper, total zinc leaching over the discontinuous leaching leaching amount of copper, zinc desorption favorable. The soil discontinuous leaching of copper, zinc adsorption ability. It shows that continuous rainfall will increase the pollution of heavy metals in soil. Organic matter content is an important factor affecting the copper, zinc leaching. The organic matter of copper, zinc can promote the adsorption effect of inhibition of copper, zinc leaching. The higher content of soil organic matter in the case of copper, zinc is not easy to transfer, the high organic matter content, the migration characteristics worse. In the preliminary research on the control technology, adding the content of organic matter and add more of copper, zinc absorption With stronger ability of copper, zinc leaching, performance is small. The content of soil organic matter, the main factors include the composition of soil particles also affect the leaching performance. Compared with paddy field without adding special anti-seepage agent soil, adding copper zinc leaching agent seepage, fluid volume was significantly smaller. The soil added special anti-seepage agent. From a certain extent, can improve the water retention capacity of soil, enhance soil water, improve soil structure, increase temperature, ground temperature, the environment for the growth of rice is improved. Adding anti-seepage agents can reduce the special paddy field of copper and zinc leaching from the total amount. Therefore, adding anti-seepage agent in paddy field and to a certain inhibitory effect on the heavy metal pollution in soil.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：吉林農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：X53

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