發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-03-13 20:09

  本文選題：空氣污染指數(shù)　切入點(diǎn)：空氣污染物　出處：《西北師范大學(xué)》2015年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)的快速發(fā)展,工業(yè)化和城市化速度的加快,以及城市的擴(kuò)張、城市機(jī)動(dòng)車保有量的飛速增長和工業(yè)廢棄的排放等,大氣污染問題成為世界各國面臨的最大挑戰(zhàn)之一,其對氣候、環(huán)境及人體健康產(chǎn)生重要影響,越來越受到各國政府的高度重視。我國的城市空氣污染問題日益嚴(yán)重,阻礙著經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展和人民生活質(zhì)量的提高,威脅著人類的生存。近年來,流行病學(xué)研究的結(jié)果證實(shí)了空氣污染物與人體健康密切相關(guān)。國外相關(guān)研究結(jié)果也揭示了空氣污染帶來的健康損失在環(huán)境污染造成的總損失中占很大比例。因此,對大范圍霧霾期間空氣污染的研究,有助于了解我國空氣污染的空間分布特征,可以為空氣污染預(yù)測與防治提供科學(xué)參考。本文利用中國大范圍霧霾期間(2011年1月~2013年12月期間的春季和冬季)的空氣污染指數(shù)數(shù)據(jù),分析空氣污染指數(shù)的時(shí)空變化規(guī)律,在此基礎(chǔ)上,進(jìn)一步利用每日上午10點(diǎn)的瞬時(shí)空氣污染物數(shù)據(jù),分析大范圍霧霾期間空氣污染物濃度的時(shí)空變化規(guī)律。為了彌補(bǔ)地面監(jiān)測站數(shù)據(jù)的不足,本文還利用MODIS產(chǎn)品估算大范圍霧霾期間地面顆粒物質(zhì)的空間分布,揭示近地面大氣污染物的擴(kuò)散趨勢及空間分布特征,并初步探索大范圍霧霾期形成的原因。結(jié)果顯示:(1)利用全國120個(gè)重點(diǎn)城市每日公布的空氣污染指數(shù)(API)數(shù)據(jù),得出大范圍霧霾期間空氣污染指數(shù)的變化特征:從季節(jié)來看,近三年來全國空氣質(zhì)量呈現(xiàn)出春季逐漸減弱,冬季逐漸增強(qiáng)的趨勢。從年度來看,近三來全國空氣污染越來越嚴(yán)重,API值大于200的城市越來越多,呈現(xiàn)出從西北地區(qū)向中部以及東部逐漸擴(kuò)展的趨勢。(2)利用全國118個(gè)重點(diǎn)城市空氣污染物濃度(PM2.5、PM10、SO2、NO2)數(shù)據(jù),分析得出各種污染物空間分布特征如下:PM2.5高濃度區(qū)域初期位于內(nèi)蒙古中部,之后主要在云貴高原,最后分布在東北地區(qū)西部和遼寧沿海。高濃度(151μg?m-3~200μg?m-3)區(qū)域面積隨著時(shí)間的變化而不斷增加,涵蓋了除內(nèi)蒙古中東部和華南沿海地區(qū)外的全國大部,空氣污染呈現(xiàn)出越來越嚴(yán)重的態(tài)勢;PM10濃度中度污染區(qū)(201μg?m-3~270μg?m-3)和輕度污染區(qū)(135μg?m-3~200μg?m-3)分布面積很大,從11.22~12.15日呈現(xiàn)不斷增加的趨勢,分布面積幾乎覆蓋了整個(gè)西北、華中、江淮和華北大部,隨后向華南和東北地區(qū)擴(kuò)展。PM10濃度小于50μg?m-3的區(qū)域極少,僅散布在四川盆地和內(nèi)蒙古錫林郭勒盟等地;NO2濃度大于100μg?m-3的輕微及以上污染區(qū)面積較少,僅在11.15~12.05日之間出現(xiàn),主要分布在新疆北部和西部及山東中部。NO2濃度50μg?m-3~100μg?m-3的區(qū)域基本上以京津冀和鄂魯豫為中心擴(kuò)展和消散變化�？傮w來看,NO2濃度的變化呈現(xiàn)出不斷增加的態(tài)勢,峰值出現(xiàn)在11.25~11.29日之間;東部地區(qū)的NO2濃度明顯高于西部;SO2濃度大于235μg?m-3的中度及以上污染區(qū)面積極少,出現(xiàn)在11.15~12.05日之間,僅分布在兩片地區(qū):山東省的中北部和河南省、河北省的中南部;范圍最大的時(shí)間段是11.30~12.05日之間。SO2濃度171μg?m-3~270μg?m-3的中度污染區(qū)大都位于淮河以北,近似呈帶狀分布。(3)利用MODIS數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行大范圍霧霾期間京津冀地區(qū)顆粒物質(zhì)(PM2.5)的遙感估算,結(jié)果顯示:遙感估算的結(jié)果與地面監(jiān)測的結(jié)果比較接近,二者在分布趨勢上表現(xiàn)出良好的一致性,相關(guān)系數(shù)為0.78,而且誤差也相對較小。采用EOF方法分析其時(shí)空變化特征,通過第一、第二模態(tài)以及時(shí)間系數(shù)綜合分析得出,隨著時(shí)間的推移進(jìn)入冬季,京津冀地區(qū)顆粒物質(zhì)濃度呈現(xiàn)增大的趨勢,進(jìn)而表現(xiàn)出空氣污染越來越嚴(yán)重的趨勢。
[Abstract]:With the rapid development of economy, industrialization and city to speed up, and the expansion of the city, the rapid growth of the amount of motor vehicles in city and industrial waste emissions, air pollution problems have become one of the biggest challenges facing the world, the climate, environment and human body health influence, more and more attention the government of the city. The problem of air pollution in China has become increasingly serious, hinder economic development and improve people's quality of life, threatening the survival of human beings. In recent years, the results of epidemiological studies confirmed that air pollutants and human health are closely related. The foreign research results also revealed a large proportion of the total loss of health loss of air the pollution caused in the environmental pollution. Therefore, research on air pollution during a wide range of haze, is helpful to understand the spatial distribution of air pollution in China The distribution characteristics, can provide scientific reference for the prediction and prevention of air pollution. In this paper, using a wide range of haze during the China (January 2011 ~2013 year in December during the spring and winter) of the air pollution index data, the temporal and spatial variation of air pollution index analysis, on this basis, the further use of instantaneous air pollutants daily data at 10 in the morning, analysis a wide range of haze during the air pollutant concentration and the time variation of ground stations. In order to make up for the lack of data, this paper also use MODIS products to estimate a wide range of haze during ground particle spatial distribution, reveal the near ground atmospheric pollutants diffusion trend and spatial distribution characteristics, and to explore the reasons for the formation of a wide range of haze period. The results showed that: (1) the air pollution index by 120 national key city daily released (API) data, it is concluded that the air of a wide range of haze period Variation of pollution index: from the season, nearly three years of national air quality showed a spring gradually weakened, winter gradually increased. From the year, nearly three national air pollution is more and more serious, the API value is greater than 200 of the city more and more, showing a gradual expansion from the North West to the central and eastern regions trend. (2) the 118 national key city air pollutant concentrations (PM2.5, PM10, SO2, NO2) data analysis, the spatial distribution characteristics of various pollutants are as follows: PM2.5 high concentration area early in central Inner Mongolia, after mainly in the Yunnan Guizhou Plateau, and distributed in the Northeast of Liaoning and the west coast. The high concentration (151 u g? M-3~200 G? M-3) area increased with the change of time, in addition to covering the Middle East of Inner Mongolia and Southern China coastal areas outside the country, air pollution is becoming more and more serious situation; P The concentration of M10 in moderately polluted area (201 G? M-3~270 G? M-3) and mild pollution area (135 G? M-3~200 G? M-3) distribution area, showing a rising trend from 11.22~12.15, the distribution area covering almost the entire northwest, central China, North China and Jianghuai department, and then to Southern China the northeast extension of.PM10 concentration less than 50 g? M-3 region is few, only scattered in the Sichuan basin and Inner Mongolia Xilinguole Meng; the concentration of NO2 is more than 100 g area and above contaminated area? Slightly less M-3, 11.15~12.05 only appeared in Japan, mainly distributed in northern and Western Xinjiang and central Shandong.NO2 concentration of 50 g? M-3~100 G? M-3 region basically center expansion and dissipation of changes in the Beijing Tianjin Hebei and Hubei Lu Yu. Overall, the change of NO2 concentration showed a rising trend, the peak appeared in 11.25~11.29 between China and Japan; NO2 concentration was significantly higher than that of the eastern region SO2; the concentration of more than 235 mu g? M-3 moderate and above pollution area rarely appear in the 11.15~12.05 between China and Japan, only distributed in two regions: Shandong province and the north central part of Henan Province, Hebei Province in South Central; the largest range of time is 11.30~12.05 days between the concentration of.SO2 171 G m-3~270 G? M-3? The moderately polluted area are located in the north of Huaihe, zonal distribution approximation. (3) using the MODIS data of Beijing Tianjin Hebei region during a wide range of haze particles (PM2.5) remote sensing estimation, results showed that relatively close to the remote sensing estimation results and ground monitoring results, two showed good consistency in the distribution trend, the correlation coefficient is 0.78, and the error is relatively small. EOF method was used to analyze the spatial and temporal variation characteristics, through the first second modes and the time coefficient of the comprehensive analysis, with the passage of time into the winter, particles of the Beijing Tianjin Hebei region The concentration of material is increasing, and the trend of air pollution is becoming more and more serious.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：西北師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：X51

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