本文關(guān)鍵詞： 氣態(tài)污染物 細(xì)顆粒物 相關(guān)性 聚類分析　出處：《蘭州大學(xué)》2015年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：由于對人體健康、生態(tài)環(huán)境以及氣候變化具有重要影響,氣態(tài)污染物和細(xì)顆粒物的研究已成為目前國內(nèi)外大氣環(huán)境研究的前沿與熱點之一。近年來,國內(nèi)對京津冀地區(qū)、長江中下游地區(qū)以及珠三角地區(qū)的大氣污染研究較多,但對南方地區(qū)的大氣污染物的觀測和研究較少。本文利用2012年到2014年中國科學(xué)院大氣物理研究所的氣態(tài)污染物(N02與NOx、SO2、O3等)和細(xì)顆粒物(PM2.5)的觀測數(shù)據(jù),詳細(xì)分析了我國南方兩個典型城市(云南省昆明市、重慶市)和背景區(qū)域(海南省三亞)的大氣污染物的日、月、季節(jié)和年變化規(guī)律及其成因,并通過后向軌跡分析了污染物可能的來源。主要結(jié)果如下：1.三個地區(qū)的O3濃度日變化均為午后單峰型,峰值均出現(xiàn)在下午15：00(北京時間)左右,這是因為午后紫外輻射逐漸增強(qiáng)導(dǎo)致臭氧生成率最高,同時對流輸送最強(qiáng),近地面臭氧匯最弱。受交通高峰和混合層高度變化的共同影響,昆明地區(qū)NO日變化呈‘早峰午谷”的特征,峰值出現(xiàn)在890；NO2濃度日變化呈雙峰變化,峰值分別出現(xiàn)在890和2290左右；PM2.5濃度的日變化形式與NO2相同；S02濃度日變化不明顯。重慶市北碚區(qū)NO與SO2濃度日變化呈單峰型的日變化特征,峰值分別出現(xiàn)在8:00和11：00;而NO2與NOx濃度日變化均呈雙峰型的日分布規(guī)律,早高峰出現(xiàn)在8:0-9:00左右,而晚高峰出現(xiàn)在21:00左右；PM2.5濃度日變化也為雙峰型分布,其峰值分別出現(xiàn)在8：00與21：00左右。三亞地區(qū)的NOx日變化呈早晚雙峰型,N02日變化幅度比NO大,NOx的濃度主要由N02主導(dǎo)；O3和Ox呈現(xiàn)午后單峰型,峰值出現(xiàn)在15:00左右,Ox濃度主要受03濃度變化影響；PM2.5呈現(xiàn)早晚雙峰型,峰值分別出現(xiàn)在8:00與17:00,且17:00峰值為一天中的最高值,這是交通高峰與混合層日變化有關(guān)。2.昆明地區(qū)干季的大氣污染物濃度遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)高于濕季。NOx季節(jié)濃度冬季最高,夏季最低；SO2和PM2.5的濃度在春季最高,夏季最低；03濃度的最高值出現(xiàn)在每年的4月份,與全國其他很多城市明顯不同,這個春季高值與昆明位于云貴高原的特殊地形以及春季東南亞對我國南方的污染物輸送有關(guān),也與青藏高原東側(cè)平流層臭氧春季向?qū)α鲗虞斔陀嘘P(guān)。重慶市北碚大氣污染物的季節(jié)變化與昆明城區(qū)的季節(jié)變化存在明顯的不同,NO2、NOx以及SO2的季節(jié)濃度從小到大依次為夏、秋、春、冬；03的平均濃度從小到大依次為秋、冬、春、夏。三亞地區(qū)鹿回頭鎮(zhèn)冬季污染物濃度明顯高于春季,與內(nèi)陸風(fēng)攜帶的污染物的輸送有關(guān)。后向軌跡分析表明鹿回頭鎮(zhèn)的大氣污染物受本地源和外來源共同影響,其中NOx與03濃度升高主要受內(nèi)陸區(qū)域輸送影響,而PM2.5的濃度升高主要受局地源控制。3.昆明城區(qū)N02與NOx濃度的年均值在觀測期間均未超過國家一級標(biāo)準(zhǔn),且逐年降低；S02濃度的年均值超過國家一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)；PM2.5濃度則超過了國家二級標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。重慶市北碚區(qū)N02濃度的年均值在觀測期間分別為：31.4±11.1μg/m3、28.3±26.5μg/m3和16.9+16.71μg/m3；三年NOx濃度的年均值分別為：52.38±32.45μg/m3.50.64±42.47μg/m3和42.23±28.04μg/m3,其中2012年和2013年的濃度值超過國家一級標(biāo)準(zhǔn)；S02、PM2.5年均值濃度也呈逐年降低的趨勢,但其濃度仍超過國家一級標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。昆明與北碚這兩個城市站觀測的NOx濃度的小時均值與日均值超過國家一級標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的情況極少,但其他污染物日均值的則會出現(xiàn)超過國家一級標(biāo)準(zhǔn)情況；昆明城區(qū)03-8hmax、SO2與PM2.5日均值超過國家一級標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的超標(biāo)率分別為37%、12%、57%;重慶市北碚區(qū)的03-8hmax、SO2與PM2.5日均值超過國家一級標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的超標(biāo)率分別為25%、18%、68%。昆明城區(qū)03濃度水平高于重慶北碚區(qū),可能是由于昆明市位于云貴高原,紫外輻射較強(qiáng)有利于臭氧的生成；而重慶市太陽輻射弱,日照時間短從而導(dǎo)致這兩城市的臭氧變化存在顯著差異。昆明城區(qū)其他污染物濃度均低于重慶市北碚區(qū),還與兩地區(qū)城市的工業(yè)化水平有關(guān)。對于海南三亞背景地區(qū),大氣污染物濃度在整個觀測期間都沒有年均值超過國家一級標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。4.聚類分析結(jié)果表明,東南亞地區(qū)對昆明地區(qū)大氣污染物的輸送明顯,主要發(fā)生在春、秋、冬三個季節(jié);重慶北碚區(qū)大氣污染受局地影響大,而受重慶之外大區(qū)域影響較小。海南三亞地區(qū)冬季氣流主要來自大陸,其所攜帶的污染物造成空氣質(zhì)量下降；而秋季氣流主要來自海面,對污染物有顯著的稀釋擴(kuò)散作用。三亞背景地區(qū)鹿回頭鎮(zhèn)的空氣質(zhì)量優(yōu)良,而西南城市地區(qū)空氣污染較差。受局地與東南亞區(qū)域的影響,昆明城區(qū)在污染調(diào)制上不但要控制本地源,還要消減東南亞污染；重慶城區(qū)主要消減本地源。
[Abstract]:Due to human health, has an important influence on ecological environment and climate change, the research of gaseous pollutants and particulate matter has become one of the research hotspots and the atmospheric environment at home. In recent years, the Beijing Tianjin Hebei region, more research of atmospheric pollution in the region of Yangtze River and the Pearl River Three corners area, but the observation and research less air pollutants in the southern region. In this paper, from 2012 to 2014 Chinese Institute of Atmospheric Physics of gaseous pollutants (N02 and NOx, SO2, O3 etc.) and fine particles (PM2.5) of the observation data, a detailed analysis of two typical city in the south of China (Yunnan Province, Kunming City, Chongqing city) and the background region (Hainan, Sanya) of the atmospheric pollutants, month, season and year variation and its causes, and through the backward trajectory analysis the possible sources of the pollutants. The main results are as follows: 1. in three areas The diurnal change of O3 concentration for the afternoon peak, the peak value occurred at 15:00 in the afternoon (Beijing time), this is because the afternoon ultraviolet radiation gradually led to the increase of ozone production rate is the highest, while the strongest convective transport of surface ozone sinks, the weakest. Affected by the rush and mixed the height variation of the diurnal variation of NO the Kunming area is "the characteristics of early afternoon peak valley", peaked at 890; NO2 concentration diurnal change in Shuangfeng, peaking at about 890 and 2290; the diurnal variation of PM2.5 concentration and NO2 concentration of S02 in the same form; no obvious diurnal variation. Diurnal variation characteristics of Chongqing District of Beibei City, NO and SO2 concentration diurnal variation a single peak type, the peak values appeared at 8:00 and 11:00; while NO2 and NOx showed a diurnal variation of the concentration distribution in Shuangfeng on the first peak at about 8:0-9:00, while the late peak appeared at about 21:00; PM2.5 concentration change For Shuangfeng type distribution, the peaks appeared at around 8:00 and 21:00. The diurnal changes of NOx in Sanya area of Shuangfeng in the morning and evening, N02 daily variation amplitude is greater than NO, the concentration of NOx mainly led by N02 O3; and Ox showed single peak peak in the afternoon, at about 15:00, the concentration of Ox is mainly affected by the concentration of 03 effect; PM2.5 showed Shuangfeng sooner or later, peaking at 8:00 and 17:00, 17:00 and the highest peak of the day, this is the concentration of pollutants in the air traffic peak and diurnal variation of mixed layer about.2. in Kunming area is far higher than the wet season.NOx season was the highest in winter and lowest in summer; the concentration of SO2 and PM2.5 in the highest in spring and lowest in summer; the highest concentration of 03 occurred in April of each year, many are obviously different from the other city, the spring high value special terrain is located in the Yunnan Guizhou Plateau and Kunming and Southeast Asia in spring for me In the south of the relevant pollutant transport, and also on the east side of Tibetan Plateau in spring of stratospheric ozone to troposphere. Seasonal variation of seasonal variation of atmospheric pollutants in Beibei Chongqing city and Kunming city are significantly different, NO2, NOx and SO2 concentration from season in summer, autumn, spring and winter; the average concentration from 03 in autumn, winter, spring and summer. Sanya Luhuitou town in winter was significantly higher than that of pollutants concentration in spring, and in transporting pollutants carried by the breeze. The backward trajectory analysis showed that air pollution from Luhuitou town is influenced by local and foreign sources, which increased 03 and NOx concentration is mainly affected by inland regional transport effect, while the concentration of PM2.5 increased mainly by the Bureau of Kunming city.3. N02 source control and the annual average concentration of NOx during the observation did not exceed the national standard, and gradually reduce the concentration of S02; The average value exceeds the national standard; the concentration of PM2.5 exceeded the national standard level two. The annual average value of Chongqing District of Beibei city N02 concentration respectively during the observation: 31.4 + 11.1 g/m3,28.3 + 26.5 g/m3 and 16.9+16.71 g/m3; the average NOx concentration of three years respectively: 52.38 + 32.45 g/ + m3.50.64 42.47 g/m3 and 42.23 + 28.04 g/m3, which in 2012 and 2013 the concentration value exceeds the national standard; S02, PM2.5 annual average concentration also showed a decreasing trend, but its concentration still exceeds the national standard. Kunming and Beibei NOx concentration observation of the two city station hours mean and daily mean more than the national standard rarely, but other pollutants on the mean there will be more than the national standard; Kunming city 03-8hmax, exceed the standard rate of SO2 and PM2.5 daily average of more than the national standard were 37%, 12%, 57%; Chongqing Beibei District, 03-8hmax, SO2 and PM2.5 exceed the standard rate of daily average of more than the national standard were 25%, 18%, 68%. 03 concentration is higher than the level of Kunming city Chongqing District of Beibei, probably because Kunming city is located in the Yunnan Guizhou Plateau, strong ultraviolet radiation is conducive to ozone formation; Chongqing City weak solar radiation, sunshine time short which lead to significant difference in ozone changes of the two city. Kunming city other pollutant concentrations were lower than those of the Beibei District of Chongqing City, but also the industrialization level and the two areas of the city. The area of Hainan Sanya background, the concentration of air pollutants in the whole observation period no annual average of more than the national standard.4. cluster analysis showed that in Southeast Asia area transport of air pollutants in Kunming is obvious, mainly occurred in spring, autumn, winter three seasons; Chongqing Beibei area affected by the local air pollution, and Chongqing The outer region is less affected. In winter in Sanya area mainly from mainland Hainan air pollutants, with the decline in air quality caused; and autumn airflow mainly from the sea, there is the dilution effect on pollutants. The background of Sanya area Luhuitou excellent air quality and air pollution in the town of good and poor southwest area. Affected by the local city with the Southeast Asian region, Kunming city in pollution modulation not only to control the local source, but also reduce pollution in Southeast Asia; Chongqing city by local sources.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：蘭州大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：X51

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